Gaming the system
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Gaming the system (also rigging, abusing, cheating, milking, playing, working, breaking the system, gaming, or bending the rules) can be defined as using the rules and procedures meant to protect a system to, instead, manipulate the system for a desired outcome.[1]
The first known documented use of the term "gaming the system" is in 1975.[2] According to James Rieley, a British advisor to CEOs and an author, structures in companies and organizations (both explicit and implicit policies and procedures, stated goals, and mental models) drive behaviors that are detrimental to long-term organizational success and stifle competition.[3] For some, error is the essence of gaming the system, in which a gap in protocol allows for errant practices that lead to unintended results.[4]
Although the term generally carries negative connotations, gaming the system can be used for benign purposes in the undermining and dismantling of corrupt or oppressive organisations.[5]
Examples[edit]
Finance[edit]
Henry Paulson, in considering that the financial crisis of 2007–08 demonstrated that US financial markets had outgrown the ability of the system that had been used to regulate them, saw as a necessity a better framework than US financial markets had used before. This framework would be one that featured less duplication and that restricted the ability of financial firms to pick and choose their own, generally less strict regulators—a practice known as regulatory arbitrage,[6] which had enabled widespread gaming of the regulatory system.
A similar, contributing effect has been identified within corporate rating systems, where gaming the system becomes virulent when formalization is combined with transparency.[7]
Internet[edit]
Designers of online communities are explicitly warned that whenever one creates a system for managing a community, someone will try to work it to their advantage.[8] Accordingly, they are advised from the start to think like a bad actor and to consider what behaviors they are unintentionally encouraging by creating some new social rules for the community.[8]
Child-rearing[edit]
Parental divisions on child-rearing will always give the child plenty of opportunity to play one parent off against the other.[9] Object relations theory states that if one parent is easy-going and the other stricter, a child is likely to take advantage of that split. According to this theory, this is always a hollow triumph; the child is really hoping that the parents will begin to work together to set limits.[10]
It has been noted that contingent feeding—offering treats if an unpopular food is eaten—encourages children to argue and practice gaming the system by niggling over the fine print.[11]
NHS dentistry[edit]
NHS dentistry in the UK sees the frequent use of gaming the system in the form of adapting treatment to the payment system, which is frequently referred to as simply "gaming". The practice of adapting treatment to payment systems, rather than clinical need, is thought to be widespread in NHS dentistry and is considered by some to be a result of a poorly planned target based system.[12] The term is also used to describe obfuscation of the scope of NHS dentistry in order to "upsell" items of treatment that should be available.
Performance management[edit]
In performance management, gaming the system is finding ways to achieve good scores on performance metrics (for employees or departments) without achieving the aims of the corporation which the metrics were instigated to promote. This is related to the well-known problem inherent in incentive system design, sometimes known as perverse incentive, in that people will tend to pursue incentives, even by means that make no common sense, should the incentive be naively constructed. For instance, criticism of author-level metrics in science often described the vulnerabilities to gaming strategies of such metrics.[13][14][15]
Algorithmic governance[edit]
Whenever greater transparency is brought by the government to previously secret decisions, those decision processes become more gameable. Parties adjust their behavior to maximize their outcomes. The case of algorithmic governance is not exceptional. Regulated parties might even employ adversarial machine learning in order to fool algorithmic models.[16][17]
Other[edit]
Eric Berne identified a kind of gaming the system in a clinical context through what he called the game of "Psychiatry", with its motto "You will never cure me, but you will teach me to be a better neurotic (play a better game of 'Psychiatry')."[18] A few patients, he noted, carefully pick weak psychoanalysts, moving from one to another, demonstrating that they can not be cured and meanwhile learning to play a sharper and sharper game of 'Psychiatry;' eventually it becomes difficult for even a first-rate clinician to separate the wheat from the chaff.[18]
Some people confuse "gaming the system" with "working the system". Gaming the system has a negative connotation, while working the system has a positive meaning. Working the system implies that one is using an understanding to work within the system to attain sets of goals that align, whereas gaming the system implies using this understanding to attain specific goals that do not align with the rest of a set of goals. Depending on the observers' interest or preferred goals, this may be perceived as unfair or as an outcome for which the system was never intended. The cause of the difference between gaming the system and working the system lies in the existence of a (perceived) conflict between goals.
See also[edit]
- Abuse of process
- Airline booking ploys
- Alcatraz coup
- Astroturfing
- Bait-and-switch
- Bid rigging
- Campbell's law
- Cheating
- Cobra effect
- Cookie stuffing
- Corruption
- Creative accounting
- Deception
- Filibuster
- Front running
- Gamesmanship
- Goodhart's law
- Hacker
- Heuristic
- Insider trading
- International Obfuscated C Code Contest
- Jurisdictional arbitrage
- Legal abuse
- Legal opportunism
- Legal technicality
- Letter and spirit of the law
- Loophole
- Machiavellianism
- Malingering
- Malicious compliance
- Metagame
- Moving the goalposts
- OODA loop
- One-upmanship
- Pension spiking
- Public service
- Pump and dump
- Return fraud
- Rules for Radicals
- Rules lawyer
- Sharp practice
- Shill
- Social bookmarking § Abuse
- Tax avoidance
- Tax noncompliance
- Vote brigading
References[edit]
- ↑ Joseph Potvin. "The Great Due Date of 2008, slide 5" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 2016-06-26. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help)(membership required) - ↑ 1975 Systems Engineering Conference Proceedings, Las Vegas, Nevada, November 19-21, 1975: Host Chapter, Central Arizona. American Institute of Industrial Engineers. 1975. Search this book on
- ↑ James Rieley (April 2001). Gaming the System: how to stop playing the organizational game and start playing the competitive game. Financial Times Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-273-65419-3. Search this book on
- ↑ Mark Nunes, Error: Glitch, Noise, and Jam in New Media Cultures (2010) p. 188
- ↑ Ziewitz, Malte (2019). "Rethinking gaming: The ethical work of optimization in web search engines". Social Studies of Science. 49 (5): 2–3. doi:10.1177/0306312719865607. ISSN 0306-3127. PMID 31387459. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Hank Paulson, On the Brink (London 2010) p. 441
- ↑ M. Lounsbury/P. M. Hirsch, Markets on Trial (2010) p. 147
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 Gavin Bell, Building Social Web Applications (2009) p. 274
- ↑ Skynner, Robin; Cleese, John (1994). Families and How to Survive Them. London: Cedar. p. 221. ISBN 978-0-7493-1410-1. Search this book on
- ↑ Casement, Patrick (1997). Further Learning from the Patient. London: Routledge. p. 114. ISBN 978-0-415-05425-6. Search this book on
- ↑ Benaroch, Roy (2008). Solving Health and Behavioral Problems from Birth Through Preschool. Westport: Praeger. p. 132. ISBN 978-0-275-99347-4. Search this book on
- ↑ Holden, A.C.L. (12 April 2013). "Justice and NHS dental treatment - is injustice rife in NHS dentistry?". British Dental Journal. 214 (7): 335–337. doi:10.1038/sj.bdj.2013.323. PMID 23579129. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Peter A., Lawrence (2007). "The mismeasurement of science" (PDF). Current Biology. 17 (15): R583–R585. Bibcode:2007CBio...17.R583L. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2007.06.014. PMID 17686424. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Şengör, Celâl. AM (2014). ""How scientometry is killing science."" (PDF). GSA Today. 24 (12): 44–45. doi:10.1130/GSATG226GW.1.
- ↑ Biagioli, Mario (2020). Gaming the metrics : misconduct and manipulation in academic research. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-53793-3. OCLC 1130310967. Search this book on
- ↑ School, Stanford Law. "Government by Algorithm: A Review and an Agenda". Stanford Law School. Retrieved 20 March 2020.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 Eric Berne, Games People Play (Penguin) p. 136
Further reading[edit]
- "The irrational guide to gaming the system". Mind Hacks. 23 May 2007.
- Bevan, G; Hood, C (2006). "What's measured is what matters: targets and gaming in the English public health care system". Public Administration. 84 (3): 517–538. doi:10.1111/j.1467-9299.2006.00600.x.
- Figlio, D.N.; Getzler, L.S. (October 2002). "Accountability, ability and disability: Gaming the system" (PDF). NBER working paper series Paper 9307. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-09-05. Retrieved 2011-07-29. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - Kralovec, E.; Buell, J. (2005). "High-stakes testing, homework, and gaming the system". The Humanist.
- McKenzie, K.B. (December 2009). "Pragmatism or Gaming the System? One School District's Solution to Low Test Scores". Journal of Cases in Educational Leadership. 12 (4): 17–28. doi:10.1177/1555458909353184. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - Mankin, J (2009). "Gaming the system: how Afghan opium underpins local power". Journal of International Affairs. pp. 195–209.
- Morreim, E.H. (1991). "Gaming the System Dodging the Rules, Ruling the Dodgers". Archives of Internal Medicine. Archives of Internal Medicine 1991;151(3). 151 (3): 443–447. doi:10.1001/archinte.1991.00400030013003. PMID 2001126.
- Regis, C (2005). "Physicians gaming the system: modern-day Robin Hood?" (PDF). Health Law Review. pp. 19–24. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2011-09-27. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - Rieley, J.B. (Summer 2000). "Are your employees gaming the system?". National Productivity Review. 19 (3): 1–6. doi:10.1002/1520-6734(200022)19:3<1::AID-NPR1>3.0.CO;2-9.
- Ziewitz, M. (2019). "Rethinking gaming: The ethical work of optimization in web search engines". Social Studies of Science: 1–25.
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