Ghana–North Korea relations
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Ghana and North Korea established diplomatic relations in 1964. Ghana is one of 66 countries that have relations with both North and South Korea.[1][needs update?]
There is a Korea–Ghana Friendship Association for cultural exchange.[2]
History[edit]
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In the aftermath of the Korean War, South Korea was granted observer status in the United Nations (UN), but North Korea was not. From the late-1950s to the 1980s a block of Third World countries, including Ghana rallied to condemn the one-sided recognition.[3] In 1973, North Korea was admitted to the UN as an observer.[4]
A tour by North Korean officials to sign trade deals with several West African countries, including Ghana, took place in the summer of 1961.[5] This was before the establishment of formal relations on an ambassadorial level, which happened on 28 December 1964.[6][7]
In the 1960s, North Korea's isolationist policies were viewed favorably in Ghana that professed a similar stance.[8] Kim Il-sung, the leader of North Korea, shared much in common politically with Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana,[9] although the latter never went quite as far in terms of state control over the economy, society, and culture of his country.[10] In July 1966,[11] after the Nkrumah administration had been overthrown,[12] Ghana temporarily terminated relations with North Korea when it uncovered that North Korea was training anti-government guerrillas in Ghana.[11] Similar diplomatic incidents involving North Korea took place in other African countries as well with comparable results.[13]
By 1968, North Korea again voiced support for Ghana. In July, Kim Il-sung launched a slogan: "Cutting off the Limbs of U.S. Imperialism Everywhere" in an effort to establish himself as a leader of the world communist movement. Kim envisioned that Latin American countries could cut off one "arm" of the United States, while African countries such as Ghana would sever the other one.[14]
In 1983, North Korea initiated an agricultural project in Ghana as foreign aid. Around that time, Ghana's Provisional National Defence Council was actively seeking for aid from socialist countries in order to diminish its dependence on Western powers.[1] An agreement on cultural exchange was signed for 1993–1995.[15]
There was a North Korean embassy in Ghana until it was closed down in 1998.[16] The North Korean ambassador to Ghana since January 2001 is Kil Mun-yong.[17][18]
In 2006, Ghana voted as a non-permanent member of the United Nations Security Council in favor of its Resolution 1718 which imposed sanctions against North Korea.[19] In 2018, Ghana expressed its support for the political process to improve relations between North and South Korea in the midst of the 2017–18 North Korea crisis.[20]
Trade[edit]
Ghana has mostly run a deficit in its trade with North Korea, meaning that Ghana is a source of foreign currencies to North Korea. In 2015, North Korea was Ghana's 77th biggest trade partner with $6.8 million in trade.[21] Ghana imports mostly cement from North Korea. It exports mainly cocoa, gemstones, and pearls,[22] but also precious metals.[23]
See also[edit]
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References[edit]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Bobiash, Donald (1992). South-South Aid: How Developing Countries Help Each Other. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 93. ISBN 978-1-349-11623-2. Search this book on
- ↑ North Korea Handbook 2002, p. 817.
- ↑ Armstrong 2013, p. 223.
- ↑ Armstrong 2013, p. 257.
- ↑ Armstrong 2013, p. 144.
- ↑ Wertz, Oh & Kim 2016, p. 3.
- ↑ "Africa". The People's Korea. Archived from the original on 3 May 2015.
- ↑ Schaefer 2009, p. 119.
- ↑ Smith, Hazel (2015). North Korea: Markets and Military Rule. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 90. ISBN 978-1-316-23964-3. Search this book on
- ↑ Szalontai, Balázs (2005). Kim Il Sung in the Khrushchev Era: Soviet-DPRK Relations and the Roots of North Korean Despotism, 1953-1964. Stanford: Stanford University Press. pp. 212, 212n8. ISBN 978-0-8047-5322-7. Search this book on
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Some Facts about North Korea. Seoul: Naewoe Press. 1984. p. 38. OCLC 603996576. Search this book on
- ↑ Owusu-Ansah, David (2014). Historical Dictionary of Ghana (4th ed.). London: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. p. 240. ISBN 978-0-8108-7500-5. Search this book on
- ↑ Korea Observer. 1. Seoul: Academy of Korean Studies. 1979. p. 71. OCLC 906336418. Search this book on
- ↑ Cha, Victor (2013). The Impossible State: North Korea, Past and Future. London: Vintage. p. 47–48. ISBN 978-0-099-57865-9. Search this book on
- ↑ Vantage Point. 16. Seoul: Naewoe Press. 1993. p. 30. OCLC 29800060. Search this book on
- ↑ Wertz, Oh & Kim 2016, p. 6n20.
- ↑ Africa South of the Sahara 2004. London: Europa. 2003. p. 494. ISBN 978-1-85743-183-4. Search this book on
- ↑ North Korea Handbook 2002, p. 532.
- ↑ DuPre, Kasprzyk & Stot 2016, p. 48.
- ↑ "Ghana Supports Diplomatic Steps To Solve Issues Of North And South Korea". Modern Ghana. GNA. 24 April 2018. Retrieved 13 June 2018.
- ↑ DuPre, Kasprzyk & Stot 2016, p. 31.
- ↑ DuPre, Kasprzyk & Stot 2016, p. 32.
- ↑ DuPre, Kasprzyk & Stot 2016, Table 5.
Works cited[edit]
- Armstrong, Charles K. (2013). Tyranny of the Weak: North Korea and the World, 1950–1992. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. ISBN 978-0-8014-6893-3. Search this book on
- DuPre, Annie; Kasprzyk, Nicolas; Stot, Noël (2016). Cooperation between African states and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea (PDF). Institute for Security Studies. Search this book on
- North Korea Handbook. Yonhap News Agency: Seoul. 2002. ISBN 978-0-7656-3523-5. Search this book on
- Schaefer, Bernd (2009). "Communist Vanguard Contest in East Asia during the 1960s and 1970s". In Vu, T.; Wongsurawat, W. Dynamics of the Cold War in Asia: Ideology, Identity, and Culture. New York: Springer. pp. 113–126. ISBN 978-0-230-10199-9. Search this book on
- Wertz, Daniel; Oh, JJ; Kim, Insung (August 2016). Issue Brief: DPRK Diplomatic Relations (PDF). The National Committee on North Korea. Archived (PDF) from the original on 28 December 2016. Retrieved 19 January 2017. Search this book on
Further reading[edit]
- Kim Il-sung (1989). Answers to questions raised by the editor-in-chief of the Ghana Times, organ of the government of Ghana, October 8, 1981. Pyongynag: Foreign Languages Publishing House. OCLC 777011297. Search this book on
- Koh, Byung Chul (1969). The foreign policy of North Korea. New York: F. A. Praeger. OCLC 2372. Search this book on
- Meyer, Joe-Fio N. (1984). Dr. Nkrumah's Last Journey: The Sensational Viet-Nam U.S. War. Accra: Nyaniba Press. OCLC 19575435. Search this book on
- North Korea Quarterly. 56–59. Hamburg: Institute of Asian Affairs. 1990. ISSN 0340-014X. Search this book on
- Nylnah, Joe Bradford (December 23, 1997). "President calls for greater co-operation with North Korea". Daily Graphic (1, 4631). Accra: Graphic Communications Group. p. 1. OCLC 54509345.
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