Mr Glen Grubbs
| Mr Glen Grubbs | |
|---|---|
 eyJ3IjozODAsImgiOjM4MCwiZCI6NzIsIm0iOiJKUEciLCJ1cmwiOiJodHRwczpcL1wvYWRhcy1vcmVnb24tY2FzLW9iaXRzLnMzLmFtYXpvbmF3cy5jb21cL3Bob3Rvc1wvY3JlYXRlX3N0b3J5XC81YzIzMTk1ZGU0YTc4XC8xZDNjZGFkMDIxNTk0ZWExMWU3YTQwNzI4NmRjLmpwZyJ9.jpg Glen Grubbs, 87 Years Old | |
| Born | Glen Grubbs 1930/05/22 Salem |
| 🏡 Residence | Seabrook, NH, USA |
| 🏳️ Nationality | American |
| 🏫 Education | High School |
| 🎓 Alma mater | Strong Vincent High School |
| 💼 Occupation | |
| Height | 5' 10" |
Glen Allen Grubbs (b. 22 May 1930 - d. 20 December 2018) was an American businessman and executive, most closely associated with Raytheon Company, where he was employed for more than 20 years. From the mid 1960s to the late 1970s, he was largely responsible for and instrumental in Raytheon’s development of the Air Defense System of the kingdom of Saudi Arabia. As a friend of the royal Saudi family, Grubbs was able to negotiate and secure billions of dollars in Hawk Missile Systems contracts, including installation and maintenance services of said missile systems, and formal education of many thousands of native Saudis to operate the defense system. In addition, his close relationships with members of the royal family enabled him to serve the kingdom and the royal family in several other capacities for Whittaker Corporation, Litton Corporation, and Orion Corporation well into the 1990s. The ensuing historic friendship and alliance between Saudi Arabia and The United States of American has largely shaped the balance of power in the Middle East. In addition, the hard work and diplomacy of Grubbs contributed to the exponential growth of Raytheon from a fledgling diode and defense electronics company into the largest manufacturer of guided missiles in the world.
The legacy of Glen Grubbs and Raytheon has proven to be important and historic. Beginning with a $112 million Hawk Missile contract in the mid-1960s, the Raytheon/Saudi relationship has now grown to over $100 billion. As of 2015 Raytheon ranks as not only the largest guided missile manufacturer in the world, it is also the fifth-largest military contractor in the world, and the third largest defense contractor in the United States.
Early Life and Education
Grubbs was born in Apollo, Pennsylvania, the sixth of seven children, on May 22, 1930 to Baptist parents Joseph William “Cy” Grubbs, a WWI veteran and factory worker, and Iva Pearl (Baird) Grubbs, a homemaker. His childhood was spent on a rural farm, where he and his siblings attended a one-room schoolhouse in Apollo. He and his brother Bill, close in age, enjoyed participation in team sports such as baseball, football and ice hockey. They were usually inseparable, known to hunt skunks and other wild animals to be skinned and sold to the local fur traders. After the family relocated to Erie, Pennsylvania in the early 1940s, he attended Strong Vincent High School in Erie, where he earned a varsity letter in baseball, and received his high school diploma in 1948. Shortly after graduating from high school, Grubbs and his brother Bill enlisted in the U.S. Navy, where they served honorably for four years. While employed at Raytheon, Grubbs furthered his education by attending the business school at Northeastern University in Boston, Massachusetts.
Personal Life
Grubbs married twice. While in the Navy, stationed in Boston, Grubbs met Jean Louise Honnors, a student at Dean Junior College. They married in 1952 and went on to have 8 children between the years of 1952 and 1965. They divorced in 1969. Grubbs subsequently married Claire Corriveau in 1970, an executive secretary at Raytheon, and soon thereafter adopted her only son Robert, who was a hemophiliac.
Career and Association with the royal Saudi family
After his Honorable Discharge from the US Navy in 1952, Grubbs settled with his wife in Massachusetts, living in Somerville, Concord, Merrimack, and Andover. By 1953 he had landed an entry level position at Raytheon Company, working on the Hawk Missile Systems assembly line, and soon thereafter was promoted to supervisor. After several years at Raytheon, he built a house in Andover, Massachusetts, just a few miles from the Raytheon Hawk Missile Plant in downtown Andover. Over the years, he flourished at Raytheon, exhibiting excellent work ethic, diplomacy, and management skills. He eventually attained an important and highly responsible management position in the mid-60s, becoming the Missile Systems Quality Control Manager, overseeing as many as 3,000 employees. Outside of work, Grubbs honed his leadership and public speaking skills as a Scoutmaster for the Boy Scouts of America, and as a long-time Rotarian, at one point serving as President of the Merrimack Valley Rotary Club. He also served as a Director of the local Boys Club, and as Chairman of the Merrimack Valley Chapter of the United Way.
Raytheon in Saudi Arabia
Dating back to the days of President Franklin Delano Roosevelt and King Abdul Aziz ibn Saud in the late 1930s, Saudi Arabia and the United States had enjoyed a friendly and mutually beneficial business relationship. By the mid 1960s, Raytheon Company and the kingdom of Saudi Arabia had entered into a $112 million agreement to create, stock, and service a Saudi Arabian Air Defense System, primarily consisting of state-of-the-art Hawk ground to air missiles, provided by Raytheon. Although the Missile Batteries were the primary consideration of the multi-year contract, the associated spare parts, support structures, military bases, schools, housing, outposts, and education of the soldiers were a large part of the contract. King Faisal bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud was the impetus behind the business relationship.
In 1932, Abdul Aziz, of the house of al Saud, had managed to “unify” the largest of the nomadic tribes of the Arabian Desert into a cohesive entity: hence the name “Saudi Arabia”. Vast oil reserves were discovered in 1938, and by the end of World War II, Abdul Aziz had implemented large-scale oil production. King Saud bin Abdul Aziz al Saud, the second son of Abdul Aziz, who had reigned since his father’s (Abdul Aziz) death in 1953, was forced to step aside (after some internal strife within the country and the royal family). He was replaced by his brother Crown Prince Faisal bin Abdul Aziz in 1964. Faisal, the third son of Abdul Aziz, had been Finance Minister and then Prime Minister since 1958, and had shown a keen sense for diplomacy, foresight, and fiscal responsibility. Faisal’s modernization of the kingdom’s finances, and his broad support for a strong military paved the way for Raytheon Company, and by 1965 Raytheon was engaged in the first stages of an historic alliance with the House of Saud.
Introduction of Grubbs to the royal Saudi family
After the first two years of fulfilling the preliminary stages of the military contract, the Saudi/Raytheon relationship had encountered a “speed bump”. The Saudi “executives in charge”, every one of them a prince, had privately expressed displeasure with one or more of the Raytheon executives handling the complicated logistics and quirks of dealing with a vast royal family. For many years, Raytheon had primarily been a diode and electronics industrial giant, accustomed only to dealing with United States defense contractors and the U.S. Military. Hence, Raytheon realized they had to “switch gears”, and after a brief internal search, Grubbs was chosen as the new Raytheon Program Manager for Saudi Arabia. In November of 1967, Grubbs packed up his large family and moved to Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. This marked the beginning of a close, complicated, and ultimately rewarding 27-year relationship between Grubbs and the royal family of the kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
The Early Jeddah Years
Grubbs and his family lived in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia from 1967 to 1973, encountering many challenges, both personal and professional. Saudi Arabia in the 1960s was an emerging third world country; a mixture of early Muslim beliefs and the accelerating onslaught of automobiles, skyscrapers and Western influences. While Saudi princes, international businessmen and taxicabs were scurrying about town, the streets were shared with camels, carts drawn by donkeys, and herds of goats being brought to market.
From a personal standpoint, living in Saudi Arabia was a challenge for Grubbs’ wife, and by 1969 she had separated from her husband and children, and moved back to the United States. In June of 1970 Grubbs married Claire Corriveau, and she and her 14-year-old son Robert moved to Jeddah, where Robert fit in quite easily with the other eight Grubbs children and was soon adopted by Grubbs. Claire somehow adapted quickly to Saudi life, and the new demands of becoming a mother to eight additional children!
In Jeddah, family life for Americans was challenging. Women were not allowed to drive. There were no Christian churches, no television stations, no movie theatres, no modern shopping centers. The two eldest children, Leni and Glen Jr., were required to attend High School outside of the Kingdom (at ACS in Beirut, Lebanon), as there were no English language secondary schools in Saudi Arabia, by Royal decree. Eventually Lugene, the third oldest sibling, also attended school outside of the Kingdom, in Beirut and Bahrain. These children only returned to Jeddah from Boarding School during Holidays and summer vacations. The Raytheon dependent children of elementary school age initially attended a “makeshift” elementary school, known as the parents’ co-operative school, in downtown Jeddah, along with other American children from companies such as TWA, Northrup, Lockheed, Tapline, Grove, USGS, and the children of the American Diplomatic Corps. In short order, Raytheon built a brand new elementary school in Jeddah. It was formally named The Parents Co-operative School, and was attended by hundreds of elementary aged American, British and other English-speaking children in the city.
By the time the Grubbs family arrived in Jeddah, Raytheon had already constructed a complex “military base”, which included 100 concrete houses at a site enclosed by a 10-foot wall on a peninsula, just a few miles beyond the palace of Prince Turki bin Abdul Aziz, on the Red Sea. It was appropriately referred to as “The Peninsula” compound, by Americans and local Saudis. Raytheon soon added a large villa to the compound, on the shores of the Red Sea, to accommodate Grubbs’ large family. Grubbs, along with his many responsibilities dealing with Prince Sultan, Prince Turki, and Pince Khalid bin Sultan, was the de facto “mokhtar”; the mayor of the Raytheon Housing Compound on “The Peninsula”. The supervision of more than 100 American families, their jobs, their children’s education, transportation, entertainment, social life, petty squabbles, etc. was a daunting and never-ending challenge. Grubbs proved to be up to the task.
The Khashoggi Connection
By early 1968, on the business side of his new-found “diplomatic” employment, things were beginning to shape up quickly. Joe Alibrandi, Raytheon’s Senior Vice President of Missile Systems, along with Grubbs, worked hard to repair any real or perceived damages to the Raytheon/Saudi relationship, and soon business was once again running smoothly.
To Grubbs and Alibrandi, it had quickly become evident that the world-renowned agent Adnan Khashoggi (uncle of the recently deceased journalist Jamal Khashoggi) was their key to success. Grubbs immediately struck up a friendship with Khashoggi, and carefully cultivated their friendship at every turn. Khashoggi and Grubbs were instrumental not only in the Saudi Air Defense System, but also with the Saudi National Guard. Khashoggi introduced Grubbs to Prince Sultan bin Abdul Aziz (the 12th son of Abdul Aziz), Khashoggi’s direct link into the royal family.
Kashoggi was the son of King Abdul Aziz’s physician, and he had managed to take advantage of that close relationship and engineered it into a recurring role as an “agent” for the royal family for all things military. The timing was perfect for Khashoggi. The oil business was booming, and so was the arms business. Khashoggi had initially commanded small percentages as his fees, but shortly before Grubbs arrived, the commissions had blossomed to as much as 15%, quickly establishing Khashoggi as “The Richest Man In The World”.
The value of Khashoggi was incalculable: On more than one occasion, while at his opulent residence in Riyahd, he was interrupted by Prince Sultan bin Abdul Aziz himself, along with his entourage, paying an impromptu visit! Through his friendships with Khashoggi and Prince Sultan, Grubbs soon befriended Sultan’s oldest son Prince Khalid bin Sultan, who had recently graduated from the Royal Military Academy Sandhurst.
But things change over time, and over the next few years, Grubbs relied less and less on his friend Adnan Khashoggi. Grubbs had developed his own deep personal relationships with key members of the royal family, most notably Prince Sultan bin Abdul Aziz (Minister of Defense), Prince Turki (Vice Minister of Defense), and Prince Khalid Bin Sultan (Deputy Minister of Defense), all three of the key ministers in the Defense Department.
Negotiating the New Improved Hawk Missile Contract
By the early 1970s, Aramco and Saudi Arabia, reacting to the near constant coaxing of Richard Nixon and the U.S. Government, had finally stepped up the production and exportation of oil to tremendous levels, unlike the world had ever seen. Saudi Arabia was now flush with cash, and they soon recognized the clear and present danger to their kingdom, and an equally clear solution.
The danger, in the minds of the Saudi royal family, and especially to King Faisal, was the kingdom’s security. As soon as oil was discovered in the Arabian Desert in the 1930s, the al Saud family had feared invasion and/or hostile takeover. This was Faisal’s primary reason for a defense system, and the ensuing relationships with Northrup, Grumman, and especially Raytheon. Now that their precious commodity was being converted to cash at an amazing rate, the danger level was higher than ever.
For King Faisal, Crown Prince Khalid, and Defense Minister Prince Sultan, the perception was that the current level of national defense was woefully inadequate. So, as a logical element of the updating, stocking and reinforcing of some of the current Raytheon Hawk and Improved Hawk Batteries, Grubbs began to engage in preliminary discussions with his friends Prince Sultan and Prince Khalid bin Sultan. It was apparent to Grubbs and Raytheon that instead of beefing up current munitions and bases, the time was ripe for greatly enhancing both the quality and quantity of the defensive military might of Saudi Arabia.
In early 1972, Grubbs and his team of Raytheon contract specialists in Jeddah were engaged in advanced discussions with Prince Sultan and Prince Khalid bin Sultan on price and availability of the new munitions. By late 1972, Grubbs proudly informed the Raytheon Executives that the next Improved Hawk Missile contract would probably involve somewhere between $400 million and $800 million in purchases by Saudi Arabia directly from Raytheon. The Raytheon executives were understandably ecstatic. An $800 million contract in the 1970s was astronomical and heretofore unheard of. Grubbs, Raytheon President/CEO Tom Philips, and Raytheon Senior Vice President of Marketing Phil Phalen put the proposal team to work in earnest.
There was much back and forth negotiation between the kingdom, Raytheon, and the U.S. government for the next couple of years. Of particular importance to the Saudis was the preservation of the relationship between Grubbs and the Saudi Government, particularly Prince Khalid bin Sultan. There had been disturbing talk in the U.S. Military of insisting that the royal family deal directly with the United States, as opposed to Raytheon. But Sultan and Khalid would not entertain the concept: they had become good friends with Grubbs over the years, they trusted him, and they knew they would always be dealt with fairly and honestly. They weren’t going to change now. They emphatically stated to the U.S. that they would deal only with Raytheon.
It was 1973. Behind the scenes, both The Royal Family and Raytheon were ironing out the final details of the new long term Improved Hawk Defense System contract. The Grubbs family had moved to an apartment in Beirut, Lebanon, to be closer to more advanced medical facilities, primarily for Robert. But the contract negotiations and preparations continued in earnest. Grubbs still spent the bulk of his time in the kingdom, as the Saudis enjoyed dealing face-to-face, and international telephone service was still in its primitive stages. In 1974, the family moved back to the States, partially for better medical facilities, but primarily so that Grubbs could better oversee “all things Saudi” for Raytheon. Neither relocation affected the negotiations, a fact borne out eventually by the resulting contract.
Finalizing the Contract
By 1974, however, Grubbs had a significant dilemma on his hands. In just a few short years, every element in the Raytheon/Saudi equation had become more sizable. Oil prices had skyrocketed, so cash on hand in the kingdom was at an all-time high. On the flip side, Improved Hawk Missiles were more expensive than ever. So, Grubbs was compelled to have two rather uncomfortable and potentially disastrous conversations in an effort to bring about a successful conclusion to the negotiations.
First, was the presentation to the Raytheon brass that the proposal was no longer in the $800 million range; it was now well in excess of $1 billion. Not surprisingly, this did not go over well with the new Raytheon Missile Systems Division Manager. His thoughts were that the $1 billion mark represented a milestone that the Saudis might consider objectionable, perhaps even insulting. It was NEVER a good idea to insult the Saudis or let them believe they were being “taken for a ride”. So, Grubbs took this unpleasant conversation “up the ladder” to Brainerd Holmes, Raytheon Executive Vice President. Fortunately, Holmes encouraged Grubbs to go with his gut, and to feel out a preliminary Saudi response.
Secondly, Grubbs and his negotiating team flew off to Saudi Arabia to speak directly with Prince Sultan and Prince Khalid bin Sultan, who was by now the Air Defense Minister. Grubbs, technically proficient, explained to his two old friends the complicated elements of the contract and the exact reasons for the unexpectedly high contract pricing structure. He then explained to them that he was even encountering resistance within Raytheon due to the “milestone effect” of surpassing the $1 billion mark as a final contract price. He sat back in his chair and prepared for the worst.
But Grubbs’ years of diplomacy, shrewd negotiation, and bonding with the royal family paid off. Not only did Prince Sultan agree to the $1.1 billion final contract amount, but he implied that the final contract price was agreed to AS A PERSONAL FAVOR to Grubbs; a de facto “payback” for years of unflagging service to the royal family, and especially to Prince Sultan bin Abdul Aziz. It was a triumphant moment for Grubbs, and a turning point in his career. And Raytheon history was made that day; In the 52 years of Raytheon’s existence, not a single customer had EVER signed a contract in excess of $1 billion.
The Continuing Raytheon/Saudi Relationship
In the ensuing decades, with and without Glen Grubbs, the Saudi/Raytheon joint ventures have continued. Eventually, the Hawk Missiles were replaced with Improved Hawk Missiles, which were in turn replaced by Patriot Missiles, a key part of Operation Desert Shield, a military operation run by Prince Khalid bin Sultan. Saudi Arabia has also purchased over 500 Raytheon Evolved Sea Sparrow Missiles (ESSM). Commencing with the formative years of the Saudi/Raytheon relationship in the 1960s, through the years of Grubbs’ involvement into the 1970s, through the Administrations of 10 United States Presidents, now well into the new millennium, the Saudi royal family has continued this mutually beneficial arrangement, to the tune of over $100 billion.
Whittaker Corporation
In 1977, Grubbs received a phone call from his old friend Joe Alibrandi, the former Raytheon Executive and current President and CEO of Whittaker Corporation in Los Angeles, California. By 1976, Alibrandi’s leadership and his 5-year restructuring plan had resuscitated Whittaker from a $300 million debt-ridden conglomerate into a Wall Street darling. A large part of Whittaker’s new-found success was that Alibrandi had used his prior Saudi contacts, from his Raytheon days, to successfully propose, with Khashoggi’s help, a $100 million health care management proposal to the Saudi Ministry of Defense. Alibrandi was shrewd. He was well aware of the potential pitfalls of inexperienced executives attempting to conduct business with the Saudi royal family. So, Alibrandi offered Grubbs a position within Whittaker, and Grubbs accepted. He promptly moved the family to Encino, California.
Over the next four years, Grubbs oversaw contracts and negotiations covering the management, staffing, and servicing of five large hospitals and several clinics in the kingdom. Working with Adnan Khashoggi, Prince Turki, and Prince Khalid bin Abdullah, Grubbs first facilitated the growth of the original $100 million contract to $150 million. Eventually Whittaker increased their health care contracts by an additional $800 million. But, living in the Los Angeles area was difficult when travelling frequently to Saudi Arabia for negotiations, so the Grubbs family spent most of 1980 living in London, England. The family eventually returned to the Los Angeles area, and in 1981, tired of the California lifestyle, Grubbs resigned from Whittaker and returned to his native New England.
A-Line Tools
Soon after settling in Salem, New Hampshire, Grubbs purchased A-Line Tools, an industrial tool provisioning company in nearby Lawrence, Massachusetts. A-Line’s largest customer was, in fact, Raytheon Company. A-Line had enjoyed a flourishing local wholesale and retail tool and supply revenue stream for many years, but the bulk of Grubbs’ focus was on assembling and provisioning military spec tool kits for the maintenance of Raytheon Improved Hawk Missile Batteries. Utilizing his contacts within Raytheon and within the Saudi Government, Grubbs and A-Line Tools provided hundreds of Ballistic Missile Tool Kits to Raytheon. A-Line enjoyed millions of dollars in sales of these tool kits until 1986, when Grubbs received yet another phone call, this time from Litton Industries.
Litton Industries
Since the late 1970s, Litton Industries had been providing electronic defense Early Warning Control and Communications to the Saudi Arabia Air Defense System, through a $1.7 billion multi-year contract. The contract was originally initiated and proposed to Prince Sultan bin Abdul Aziz by his eldest son Prince Khalid, still a good friend to Grubbs. Litton, headquartered in Woodland Hills, California, had recently come under fire from the Saudi Government for two related reasons.
The first reason was technical: The Litton C-3 System Radar components were not functioning properly. There were issues, in both Dhahran and Jeddah, with inaccurate and confusing radar screens. Although it was established that most of these problems were associated with harsh weather conditions, Litton had been unable for years to correct the situation. This led to the second reason for Saudi Arabia’s displeasure: Litton had an apparent $100 million shortfall of spare parts in the kingdom, inexcusable within such an important military contract. Prince Khalid bin Sultan had originally engaged Litton through its Chairman, “Tex” Thornton, but Thornton had succumbed to cancer in 1981, and Khalid had since worked closely with several other Litton executives. However, recent relations had become “less than cordial” and he now felt the time had come for a change in Litton’s contract management team. Khalid strongly suggested to Litton that they replace their current in-country manager with Grubbs, who was by now a highly respected manager by Khalid, due to his long tenures with Raytheon and Whittaker. Litton complied, and in 1986, Grubbs was hired as the new Litton Program Manager. He closed his business in Massachusetts and he and Claire moved back to Jeddah, this time without children. It was 19 years since Grubbs and his family had originally moved to Jeddah; he had come full circle.
Glen and Claire Grubbs lived in Jeddah for the next eight years, until Grubbs officially retired in 1994. The problems that Litton had been encountering were complex and difficult to solve. Grubbs and his team had spent several years meticulously recalibrating the spare parts inventory requirements, and that problem was eventually resolved to Khalid’s satisfaction. The operational software of the C-3 system remained as an ongoing point of contention with Sultan and Khalid, but it was finally resolved with the help of Raytheon in 1991. At that point, Khalid was called to duty in the Gulf War crisis, where he assumed his responsibilities as Joint Forces Commander. However, the Litton Industries equation had drastically changed: The CEO of Litton had recently been replaced by an aggressive, abrasive new CEO. And now the Commander of the Air Defense Forces, Prince Khalid bin Sultan, was to be replaced by his deputy, Major General Majid al-Otaibi. No longer would Grubbs be reporting to the usual executives at Litton, and his long-time friend Prince Khalid had moved on. Within a year, the newly installed CEO of Litton Industries had managed to aggravate Prince Sultan bin Abdul Aziz for the last time, and Litton was expelled from the kingdom. The management of the remainder of the Litton Industries facilities and contracts was handed over to a new, privately held company, but the rank and file Litton employees remained in the country to fulfill their contract duties.
Orion Corporation
In 1991, when Litton Industries was expelled from the Kingdom, Khalid had other plans for Grubbs. There was no way Khalid was going to let his good friend and trusted advisor leave the country. After 20 years of friendship, he had far too much respect for Grubbs to see him unexpectedly unemployed. Besides, there were too many loose ends from the Litton changeover, and Khalid would be far too busy to oversee them himself. Not only that, but Khalid had long been considering a private, personal security team for himself and his extended family.
Once again, Khalid turned to Grubbs for assistance. Khalid and a former Litton executive had created a new company, Orion Corporation, and Grubbs assumed the role of president. Orion was tasked with the security of Prince Khalid bin Sultan and his close military associates, his family, his many palaces, and other miscellaneous properties. Grubbs immediately staffed the new company with highly capable former U.S. intelligence operatives, U.S. Navy Seals, and other military personnel. Grubbs proceeded to build an extensive training facility and firing range for the highly experienced military managers to train their Saudi team members properly. From 1991 until 1994, Glen and Claire remained in the villa that had originally been provided for them by Litton Industries. In 1994, with the blessing of Prince Khalid, they retired from Orion Corporation and moved back to Salem, New Hampshire to care for their ailing son Robert.
The Grubbs Legacy
As a matter of recorded history, Glen Grubbs certainly left his mark on the relationship between the United States and Saudi Arabia. In addition, his early influence and interactions with King Faisal bin Abdul Aziz, Prince Sultan bin Abdul Aziz and Prince Turki bin Abdul Aziz were seminal in Raytheon’s astronomical rise to prominence as the world’s largest builder of guided missiles. His deep and abiding friendships with Prince Sultan and Prince Khalid bin Sultan were pivotal in dozens of decisions made by the royal family between 1967 and 1994. Grubbs was invited to return to Saudi Arabia many times by Raytheon and by the royal family to help celebrate key anniversaries over the years. His career had served him very well, and he subsequently enjoyed a comfortable and well deserved retirement with Claire in Seabrook, New Hampshire. They kept in touch with dozens of their business associates and friends from their many years in the Middle East. Most importantly, they took great pleasure in the near constant interaction with their children, their 17 grandchildren, and their 14 great grandchildren. After years of heart and lung problems, Grubbs passed away peacefully in his sleep on December 20th, 2018.
References_____________________________________________________________
1. “Informal Remarks to Raytheon Executives at a Dinner, Four Seasons Hotel, Boston, Massachusetts, USA Tuesday, 17 November 1998”. Moqatel.com/openshare/Behoth/Kaled/KlematShta/English/sec52.doc_cvt.htm. Retrieved June 10, 2018.
2. “’MILESTONE’ PACT IS SIGNED BY U.S. AND SAUDI ARABIA”. The New York Times, nytimes.com/1974/06/09/archives/milestone-pact-is-signed-by-us-and-saidi-arabia-acclaimed—by.html. Retrieved 6/10/2018
3. “SEC Probing U.S. Firm’s Saudi Links”. The Washington Post, washingtonpost.com/archive/politics/1980/02/24/sec-probing-us-firms-saudi-links/21d9fd-04cf-44cd-b6a3-b1b5f4da0121/?utm_term=.7ea45fe3895f. Retrieved 6/10/2018.
4. “Improved Hawk for Saudi Arabia”. Flightglobal.com/FlightPDFArchive/1974/1974%20-%200618.PDF. Retrieved 6/10/2018.
5. “Whittaker Corporation History” fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/whittaker-corporation-history. Retrieved 6-10-2018
6. “Firm’s Success Linked to Prominent Saudis. The Washington Post, washingtonpost.com/archive/business/1982/04/07/firms-success-linked-to-prominent-saudis/5c4635b4-9856-4ee1-af3b-5b423b04599c/?utm_term=.cc16889306d2. Retrieved 6/10/2-18
7. “Litton Saudi Defense Project Is Target of IRS Inquiry”. Los Angeles Times. http://articles.latimes.com/1995-07-03/business/fi-19942_1_saudi-arabia. Retrieved 6/10/2018.
8. “RAYTHEON PROPOSED SALE OF IMPROVED HAWKS TO SAG”. Wikileaks, Public Library of US Diplomacy, 3/10/1975. wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/1975JIDDA01715_b.html.
9. “I-HAWK MISSILE SYSTEM FOR SAUDI ARABIA”. US Department of State Declassified 05/04/2006. https://aad.archives.gov/aad/createpdf?rid=231290&dt=2082&dl=1345.
Sources_______________________________________________________________
Kessler, Ronald (1986). The Richest Man in the World: The Story of Adnan Khashoggi. Grand Central Publishing. ISBN 9780446513395.
