Harlu (village)
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Harlu Харлу | |
|---|---|
Settlement | |
| Other transcription(s) | |
| • Finnish and Karelian | Harlu |
_(cropped).jpg) Aerial view of Harlu | |
Location of Harlu Lua error in Module:Infobox_mapframe at line 118: attempt to index field 'wikibase' (a nil value). | |
  Harlu Location of Harlu  Harlu Harlu (Karelia) | |
| Coordinates: 61°48′20″N 30°56′10″E / 61.80556°N 30.93611°ECoordinates: 61°48′20″N 30°56′10″E / 61.80556°N 30.93611°E Fatal error: The format of the coordinate could not be determined. Parsing failed. | |
| Country | Russia |
| Federal subject | Republic of Karelia |
| Administrative district | Pitkyarantsky District |
| Selsoviet | Harlu Rural Settlement |
| Population | |
| • Total | 651 |
| • Estimate (2023)[2] | 483 |
| • Capital of | Harlu Rural Settlement |
| Website | www |
Harlu (Russian: Харлу) is a rural locality (a settlement) in Pitkyarantsky District of the Republic of Karelia, Russia. It was the administrative center of the abolished Harlu Rural Settlement. The settlement is classified as a historical settlement.[3]
History
Prehistory and 18th century
The oldest population of the Northern Ladoga region, based on toponymy and folklore, were the Sámi. From the second half of the 1st millennium AD, traces of agriculture (on the island of Riekkalansaari) and archaeological sites (the Passo fortified settlement, 10th century) appear, which is usually associated with the arrival of the Korela, a Finnic tribe. In the 13th century, the Korela were baptized by Prince Yaroslav Vsevolodovich.
In the 9th–14th centuries, there were about 30 houses at the mouth of the Janisjoki River and on nearby islands. In old tax records, the name Jananus or Janasjoki was common. For centuries, the Janisjoki was one of the trade routes for fish and furs in the northern part of Lake Ladoga.[4]
The second half of the 16th – early 17th centuries were marked by prolonged wars between Sweden and Russia; the population of the region declined significantly due to wartime hardships. After the entire Korelsky Uyezd came under Swedish rule (1617), mass migration to Russia began due to the repressive policies of the Swedish authorities towards the Orthodox Karelian population.[5]
In 1792, the Russian Atlas of Vilbrecht listed the settlement of Garla in the Serdobolsky Uyezd of the Vyborg Viceroyalty.
Imperial Russian period (1800–1917)
In various maps, variants of the settlement's name appear: Kharsu (1826), Harlu (1875), and Khartu (1910). By the early 20th century, the toponym Harlu had become established and was listed in postal directories.
In the 19th century, the population was predominantly Finnish, with small numbers of Russians and Swedes.[5]
- 1899 – The first school opened in Harlu (recorded as the 1900 academic year).[6]
- 1916 – On 30 April, the school burned down.
- 1916 – The Finnish Newspaper announced the addition of the new Harlu parish to the territory of the Serdobolsky parish.
Leppäkoski Factory
In 1893, Waldemar von Frenckell built a paper mill on the site of a sawmill, which soon became the town‑forming enterprise and significantly influenced the development of Harlu.[7] The factory was located at the Leppäkoski rapids (Finnish: Leppäkoski – "alder rapids") and gave its name to the joint‑stock company Leppäkoski Fabrikers Aktiebolag. In 1904, the factory installed PKIII, the first paper machine built in Finland. After a fire in 1908, the plant was rebuilt of brick and concrete.[8] By 1912, the company employed 300 people, producing packaging, boxes, and newsprint.[9] The plant's production volume reached up to 6,000 tons per year by the early 1920s, selling in large Russian cities.
Finnish period (1918–1940)
Until 1940, this was a highly developed industrial and agricultural region: at the end of the 1930s, it produced 10.7% of the country's total output, including one‑tenth of all pulp, paper, plywood, and other materials. Paper production had appeared here in the 1880s, and pulp production emerged in the early 20th century. The territory was also rich in forest resources, covering 12% of the area.
The Harlu parish was part of Finland from 1918 to 1940.
- 1921 – On 1 May, the first meeting to establish a municipality was held; it was decided to become an independent municipality from 1 January 1922.
- 1922 – On 1 August, the independent Harlu municipality was formed. This date is considered the founding of the municipality.
- 1924 – The broad‑gauge railway was completed.
- 1938 – By the 1938 school year, the Harlu parish was divided into 11 school districts, with over 30 teachers.[10]
Evacuation during the Winter War did not take place because hostilities did not occur on Harlu's territory.[11]
Post‑war resettlement
By a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Karelo‑Finnish SSR of 26 September 1940, rural and settlement soviets were established in the Sortavala District, including the Harlu Soviet. In May, a party organization was created at the Lyaskela paper mill. According to the same decree, for the agricultural development of the new regions, a total of 40,000 families were to be resettled, of which 20,000 in 1940 and 20,000 in 1941. Resettlement was planned from a number of Soviet republics and regions.[12]
War period (1941–1945)
The territory returned to Finland from 1941 to 1944.
On 9 July 1941, the Finns finally broke through the defense of the 71st Rifle Division and cut the 7th Army in two. On 16 July, Finnish tanks with soldiers of the 11th Infantry Division drove units of the 367th Regiment out of the Harlu area.[13] On 15 August 1941, the Finnish administration returned to Harlu.[11]
In 1944, the territory reverted to the Soviet Union. The Finnish population was evacuated again in the summer of 1944.
Soviet period (1945–1991)
One of the most important sectors for scientific and technological progress was the forest industry. However, the number of woodworking and material‑producing enterprises was small, and most had outdated equipment. The lack of certain industries made it necessary to import such high‑complexity products as sulfite pulp.[14]
Thanks to the annexed territories, the Soviet forest industry already in 1950 exceeded the pre‑war level by 73%. The Suoyarvi, Vyborg, Lyaskela, Pitkyaranta, and Harlu plants together produced 417,000 tons of pulp and 119,700 tons of paper.[15]
- 1945 – The "Harlu" state farm resumed operation. At the "Harlu" combine, all three paper machines with a total capacity of 10,000 tons of paper per year began working ahead of schedule.
- 1958 – On 21 August, the Lyaskela paper mill, the Harlu pulp and paper mill, and the Lyaskela timber mill were merged into a single Lyaskela pulp‑and‑paper and woodworking combine. The combine's products included newsprint, packing paper, wrapping paper, and unbleached sulfite pulp.
- From 1940 to 1991, Harlu had the status of an urban‑type settlement.
Modern period (since 1991)
Perestroika brought changes: the border with Finland opened, and cross‑border trade became a new source of income for residents. In the 1990s, a significant part of the settlement's enterprises closed due to bankruptcy, but at the same time several new private firms opened. In 2015, a woodworking plant was organized on the site of the former furniture‑ski combine.[16]
The settlement is developing as a tourist centre.
In August 2017, celebrations were held in Harlu dedicated to the 95th anniversary of the settlement's founding, although the settlement is much older.
Geography
Harlu is located within the north‑western part of the Olonets Plain, adjacent to Lake Ladoga from the north‑west. It lies in the middle reaches of the Janisjoki River at the confluence of its first‑order tributary, the Lyutya River (Leuta), mainly on the right bank. The left bank is connected by a dam embankment. The Harlu railway halt is in the north‑western part of the settlement. The settlement is connected by railway to the Yanisyarvi, Lyaskela, and Pitkyaranta stations and the Hyamekoski halt, and by road to the towns of Sortavala and Pitkyaranta.
The terrain is characterized by a variety of modern relief forms. The settlement is surrounded by coniferous forests and rocky elevations. Of the erosional landforms, the valleys of the Janisjoki and Lyutya rivers stand out most clearly. Janisjoki flows from north to south and originates in Lake Yanisyarvi. The river has a semi‑mountain character, with rapids and riffles, and is regulated by three dams. The width of the Janisjoki valley is 150–200 m, and that of the Lyutya is 50–100 m. To the south of the settlement, about 2–3 km away, lies Lake Tenyarvi.
Climate
Harlu is equated to the regions of the Far North. Due to its special microclimate, the settlement, previously part of the Sortavala District, is favorable for patients with cardiac and pulmonary diseases (especially pulmonary tuberculosis). The climate is temperate, characterized by the absence of sharp temperature fluctuations and high relative humidity. The predominance of air masses from the Atlantic causes a long mild winter and a short cool summer. The lakes Ladoga and Yanisyarvi have a moderating effect on climatic conditions.
| Climate data for Harlu | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Average high °C (°F) | −7.5 (18.5) |
−6.8 (19.8) |
−1.1 (30.0) |
5.0 (41.0) |
12.8 (55.0) |
18.5 (65.3) |
20.9 (69.6) |
18.9 (66.0) |
12.7 (54.9) |
6.1 (43.0) |
0.1 (32.2) |
−4.2 (24.4) |
6.3 (43.3) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | −11.0 (12.2) |
−10.6 (12.9) |
−5.5 (22.1) |
1.1 (34.0) |
7.9 (46.2) |
13.5 (56.3) |
16.1 (61.0) |
14.4 (57.9) |
9.1 (48.4) |
3.6 (38.5) |
−2.0 (28.4) |
−7.1 (19.2) |
2.5 (36.4) |
| Average low °C (°F) | −14.4 (6.1) |
−14.3 (6.3) |
−9.9 (14.2) |
−2.8 (27.0) |
3.0 (37.4) |
8.5 (47.3) |
11.3 (52.3) |
10.0 (50.0) |
5.5 (41.9) |
1.2 (34.2) |
−4.0 (24.8) |
−10.0 (14.0) |
−1.3 (29.6) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 38 (1.5) |
29 (1.1) |
30 (1.2) |
35 (1.4) |
37 (1.5) |
52 (2.0) |
66 (2.6) |
79 (3.1) |
70 (2.8) |
66 (2.6) |
60 (2.4) |
51 (2.0) |
613 (24.2) |
| Source: Climate Data[17] | |||||||||||||
Time zone
Harlu is in the Moscow Time zone (MSK). The offset from UTC is +3:00.
Demographics
| Historical population | ||
|---|---|---|
| Year | Pop. | ±% |
| 2002 | 947 | — |
| 2010 | 651 | −31.3% |
| 2021 | 550 | −15.5% |
| 2023 | 483 | −12.2% |
| Source: Russian Federal State Statistics Service[1][2] | ||
Despite being in the Republic of Karelia, Karelians make up an absolute minority of the population here due to the complex history of the region and the resettlement policies of the Soviet authorities. According to the 2010 census, Karelians together with the closely related Finns constitute only 6.7% of the district's population.[18]
Coat of arms and flag
The heraldry of Harlu is based on the coat of arms of the Finnish municipality of Harlu, designed by the prominent heraldist Gustav von Numers (1912–1978).
In a red field, a wavy fess and above it a ring, to the centre of which four clover‑headed beams are extended from the edges; all silver.[19][20]
The modern flag and coat of arms of Harlu Rural Settlement were created on the basis of this Finnish municipal coat of arms. The symbols have the following meanings:
- Silver – a symbol of purity, sincerity, virtue; reminiscent of the pulp and paper industry.
- Red (gules) – a symbol of labour, beauty, life‑affirming power, celebration, the sun.
- The crown of the established pattern symbolises the rank of the municipal formation as a rural settlement.[20]
Social infrastructure
The settlement has a school, kindergarten, outpatient clinic, club, public bath, post office, Sberbank branch, bakery, pharmacy, several shops, a fire station, and a library.
Transport and communications
Transport
The regional road 86K‑251 "Access to Khamekoski" passes through the settlement. 6 km south of the settlement, it connects with the 292 km of the federal highway A121 "Sortavala", where there is a bus stop "turn for Harlu". This stop is connected by bus services to the district centres – Pitkyaranta and Sortavala, as well as to the capital of Karelia, Petrozavodsk, and St. Petersburg.
Communications
The area code for Harlu is +7 81433; landline telephone numbers are five‑digit. Mobile communication services (2G and 3G) are provided by MegaFon and MTS. A post office of Russian Post serves residents of the settlement and nearby localities. The postal code is 186806.
Economy
The Harlu HPP‑22 has a capacity of 3 MW (as of 2007). A woodworking plant has been organized on the site of the former furniture‑ski combine. In 2015, LLC "PTK TimberBimsTekhnologii" received a subsidy from the budget of Karelia to reimburse part of the costs associated with the purchase of equipment for the production of glued wooden beams.
The following enterprises operate on the territory of the settlement: a branch of Sberbank, Russian Post, Karelpharm, TGK‑1, KarelKommunEnergo, Peterburgteploenergo, first‑aid stations, Russian Railways, etc.[16]
Attractions
Identified architectural objects
- 7 Berezovaya Alleya – residential house, first half of the 20th century (object No. 1030387000)
- 25 Glavnoye Shosse – former kindergarten building, first half of the 20th century (No. 1030388000)
- 47 Glavnoye Shosse – "House of Rich Brides" – priest's estate, architectural monument of the late 19th century (No. 1030389000)
Burials and monuments
A historical monument is preserved in the settlement: a mass grave of Soviet soldiers of the 168th Rifle Division, 367th Regiment of the 71st Rifle Division (7th Army) and the 3rd Border Detachment, who fell in July–August 1941 in defensive battles of the Continuation War. A total of 165 people are buried. Near the mass grave is a monument to Soviet soldiers "Alyosha".
Notable objects and places
- The ruined structures of the Leppäkoski factory are considered a monument of industrial culture.[21]
- The highest point of the Northern Ladoga region: Mount Pyotsevaara, 187.4 m high.
- Bridges, school, railway halt.
- Regular rallies and "baha" off‑road races.
- Cultural, ethnic, and ecological tourism.
Culture
The municipal cultural and sports institution "Raduga", created in 2011, actively carries out cultural activities in Harlu and the village of Rautalahti. There are 12 club formations (vocal, theatre, dance, drawing, variety, etc.) with 85 participants.
In 2018, creative groups of the "Raduga" institution participated in the regional festival "I Love You, My Native Land" and the festival "Relay of Cultures" in Pitkyaranta, and also visited the Partal House‑asylum as volunteers.
Religion
The settlement had a Lutheran church (a *kirkko*), which has not survived to the present day. The altarpiece "Christ and the Adulteress" was painted in 1927 by artist Daniel Johannes Pesu, based on a New Testament episode.
Education
The settlement has a municipal kindergarten No. 18 "Belochka". Both schools are in operation: the main classes are held in the school built by the Finns in 1937, while music and physical education classes are held in the gym of the old Finnish school built in 1919, which also houses the library.[22] As of 4 November 2023, the number of students was 49.[23]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1 [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1] (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Unknown parameter
|script-work=ignored (help)CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link) - ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Численность постоянного населения Российской Федерации по муниципальным образованиям на 1 января 2023 года". Rosstat. Retrieved 2026-05-24.
- ↑ "Список объектов культурного наследия (памятников истории и культуры), находящихся на территории Харлуского сельского поселения Питкярантского муниципального района" (in русский). ГКУ РК «Республиканский центр по государственной охране объектов культурного наследия». 2014. Archived from the original on 2019-04-03. Retrieved 2020-02-27. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ Jaatinen, M. I. (1997). "Harlu" (in suomi). Karjalan liitto. Retrieved 2020-03-04.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Администрация Главы Республики Карелия (2002). "Справка об исторических, культурных, демографических и национальных особенностях Сортавальского района" (in русский). Правительство РК. Retrieved 2020-03-04.
- ↑ "Harlu" (PDF). Karjalan (in suomi) (16). 1976. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-05-16.
- ↑ Borisov I., Kasatkin V. (2012). Karelskoye Priladozhye (in русский). Amarant. ISBN 9785938937802. Search this book on
- ↑ "Pischebumazhnaya promyshlennost Finlyandii v 1909 g." Finlyandskaya gazeta (in русский) (19): 1. 1910-02-17.
- ↑ "POISTUNEET PÖRSSIYHTIÖT". www.porssitieto.fi. Archived from the original on 2019-04-06. Retrieved 2020-03-17. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ "Kansakoululaitos lukuvuonna 1937–38" (in suomi). 1940. Archived from the original on 2019-04-30.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Kokko P. (1999). Tehtaiden savuja ja kukkaketoja: kuvia Harlusta (in suomi). Kangasniemi: Harlu-seura. ISBN 9529111053. Search this book on
- ↑ State Archive of the Russian Federation (GARF). F. 5446. Op. 24. D. 1911. L. 25‑26.
- ↑ E. D. Solovyov, Alexander Ivanovich Chugunov (1976). Pogranichnyye voyska SSSR v Velikoy Otechestvennoy voyne, 1941: sbornik dokumentov i materialov. Nauka. p. 950. Search this book on
- ↑ Kochetkova E. A. "Novaya sovetskaya territoriya" (Karelsky peresheyek i Severnoye Priladozhye) v sovetsko‑finlyandskom nauchno‑tekhnicheskom sotrudnichestve v 1956—1963 gg.
- ↑ Sutton A. Western Technology and Soviet Economic Development. 1945—1965. Stanford, 1973. Р. 186.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 "Yezhegodnyye otchety Glavy Harluskogo selskogo poseleniya o prodelannoy rabote". www.harluadm.edusite.ru. Archived from the original on 2019-04-03. Retrieved 2019-05-04. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ "Климатические данные городов по всему миру". Retrieved 2020-03-17. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ "Spravka ob istoricheskikh, kulturnykh, demograficheskikh i natsionalnykh osobennostyakh Pitkyarantskogo rayona". old.gov.karelia.ru (in русский). Archived from the original on 2020-01-17. Retrieved 2020-03-17. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ Suomalaisia vaakunoita: henkilöitä, sukuja, yhteisöjä (in suomi). Suomen heraldinen seura. ISBN 9519808817. Search this book on
- ↑ 20.0 20.1 "Polozheniye o gerbe Harluskogo selskogo poseleniya". Administratsiya Harluskogo selskogo poseleniya. 2016. Retrieved 2020-02-27.
- ↑ "Spravka ob istoricheskikh, kulturnykh, demograficheskikh i natsionalnykh osobennostyakh Pitkyarantskogo rayona". old.gov.karelia.ru. Archived from the original on 2019-05-04. Retrieved 2019-05-04. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ "Munitsipalnyye biblioteki Pitkyarantskogo MR". libraries.karelia.ru (in русский). Archived from the original on 2020-02-19. Retrieved 2020-03-17. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ "MOU OOSH p. Kharlu: Obrazovaniye". skolaharlu.edusite.ru (in русский). 2023-11-04. Archived from the original on 2023-11-04. Retrieved 2023-11-04. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help)
Further reading
- Karelia: encyclopedia: in 3 vols. / ed. by A. F. Titov. Vol. 3: R–Ya. – Petrozavodsk: ID "PetroPress", 2011. – pp. 224–384. ISBN 978-5-8430-0127-8 Search this book on .
- Ksenofontov P. A. Pitkyaranta. – Petrozavodsk: Karelia, 1986. – 152 p.
- Pashkov A. M. Coats of arms and flags of Karelia. – Petrozavodsk: KAREKO, 1994. – 351 p.
- Sidorovich V. D. Pitkyaranta. – Petrozavodsk: Karelia, 1975. – 126 p.
External links
- Official website of the administration Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
- Harlu community on VKontakte Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
- Harlu on luovutettukarjala.fi Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist.
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