Heydar Latifiyan
Heydar Latifiyan | |
|---|---|
| File:HEYDARLATIFIYAN01.jpg Portrait of Heydar Latifiyan | |
| Birth name | Heydar Gholi Latifiyan |
| Born | 1879 Vahnabad, Tehran, Iran |
| Died | 16 December 1915 (aged 36) Robat Karim, Tehran, Iran |
| Buried | (35°26′59″N 51°10′31″E / 35.44969460840494°N 51.175303370324066°E ⧼validator-fatal-error⧽ ) |
| Allegiance | Iran |
| Service/ | Persian Constitutional Revolution |
| Battles/wars | Robat Karim Battle, Persian campaign (World War I) |
| Spouse(s) | Sahib Jan |
| Relations | Ali Latifiyan (great-grandson) |
| Signature | File:Mohr of Heydar Latifiyan 01.png |
Heydar Gholi Latifiyan (Persian: حیدر قلی لطیفیان; 1879 – December 16, 1915), also known as Heydar Latifiyan (Persian: حیدر لطیفیان), was a Supporter of the Persian Constitutional Revolution and the Democrat Party of Iran. He was one of the Iranian World War I commanders in the Persian Campaign. During the occupation of Tehran by the Imperial Russian Army in the World War I (when the troops were sent from Tehran to Qom) due to the destruction theory of transfer of the capital by the provisional constitutional government (National Defence Committee), he organized resistance and people's forces.
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Life[edit]
Childhood[edit]
Heydar Latifiyan, one of the Latifiyan family, was born in VahnAbad (On that time It was a village in Ray, Tehran, Iran). It had been said that this family was originally from Safavid dynasty that immigrant to near Ray because of the Persian famine of 1870–1872. According to estimates, about one tenth of Iran's population died of hunger in these years.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] Heydar's Father was among of those who settled around Tehran with the supports of Mirza Hossein Khan Sepahsalar.[6][1]
Adherence to constitutionalism[edit]
His youth coincided with the assassination of Naser al-Din Shah Qajar, after which the capital underwent many changes. Residents close to the capital, like other Iranians, participated in the great developments of Iran. Heydar tried to support Hossein Pirnia (Moutamen al-Molk), who became the Speaker of the National Council and a six-term representative of the National Council from the Central Province (Tehran) branch of the Democrat Party.[8][9][10]
Government of immigrants[edit]
Russia was Iran's northern neighbor at that time and had many wars with Iran during the Qajar period. The British forces in the south and southeast of Iran had caused dissatisfaction among the Iranians by seizing parts of Iran's territory under the pretext of protecting their interests. Therefore, it has been said that Iranians had a strong hatred for the colonists.
During the First World War, despite the official announcement of Iran's neutrality, two countries, Britain and Russia, caused a violation of territorial sovereignty due to a lack of confidence. Russia gave Iran an ultimatum to expel William Morgan Shuster (American lawyer).[11] However, after his departure, Russia continued to influence Iran. Russia, which had previously threatened the National Consultative Assembly, by approaching Tehran (the capital of Iran), caused the situation in Tehran to become critical and the parliament to be dissolved. At the same time as the parliament was dissolved, Russia announced that it had nothing to do with the monarchy. However, the prime minister formed a new cabinet with the presence of many parliamentarians and moved the seat of government from Tehran to Qom to deal with the invaders. From this point of view, they are called the National Defense Committee or the immigrant government. After the capture of Tehran by the Russians, the administration of other free parts of the country was still the responsibility of the immigrant government. This matter upset the Russians. Therefore, ،They marched to Qom to completely destroy the Iranian government.[12]
Heydar along with the rest of the democrats, who were opponents of the Russian and British military attack on Iran, moved towards Qom. At this time, the officers of the Kazakh forces and the Gendarmerie are disturbed and stop fighting the Russians. The responsibility of protecting the area between Tehran, Karaj and Qom has been the responsibility of the 1st Tehran Gendarmerie Regiment based in Yousef Abad and the 2nd Tehran Gendarmerie Regiment based in Baghshah and the Qom Gendarmerie Independent Battalion. With the supports of the Immigration Committee (or the National Defense Committee),[13] Heydar Latifiyan, together with a group of people who knew the geographical location of the region, organized popular forces of resistance against the Russian forces.[12]
Last fight[edit]
"... the Russian army from one side reaches the village of Kolmeh (Fajr town, Nasimshahr), which is located between the Robat Karim road and Tehran,[11] and the local fighters are surrounded from three sides. The Russians start bombarding the area from almost a mile, until in the evening, the strongholds of the local Batop fighters are bombarded. But everyone survives. But in the evening, the infantry riders of the Russian army came closer and the war with swords started and after a bloody clash 70 people were killed..." Hassan Azam Qudsi (Azam Al-Wozara) wrote in the first volume of his memoirs called "My Memories or clarifying the history of a hundred years".[14]
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Heydar Latifiyan was also killed like the rest of his comrades. According to the traditions of the local people, the Russians made it difficult to identify the bodies by cutting off the heads of the dead. The only body that could be identified (by his clothes) was that of Heydar Latifiyan, who was buried near the north of Vahan Abad village. (Nowadays, One kilometer to Tehran International Airport).[15] After the defeat of the popular resistance of Robat Karim and his death, Abdul Hossein Farmanfarma expressed his regret through a telegram sent to Isfahan and told the National Defense Committee that:"...In addition to the seven-eight-year exams and the exams of Saveh and Robat Karim (the defeat of popular resistance), gentlemen, I will sit for one more exam in Isfahan and forcefully invite a foreign army to the middle of Iran's soil - which is Isfahan..."[12]
ِِDescendants[edit]
Ali Latifiyan, An Iranian writer, is his great-grandson.[citation needed]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Shahidi, Hoseein (2004). History of Tehran (Sar Gozashteh Tehran) (in فارسی). 1. Teharn, Iran: Rahe Mana. p. 171. Search this book on
- ↑ Salour, Kahraman Mirza; Afshar, Iraj; Salour, Masoud (1991). Ain al-Sultaneh Diary (in فارسی). 10. Tehran: Asatir. p. 7900. Search this book on
- ↑ Afshar, Iraj (1996). Forty years of Iran's history (Chehel Sal Tarikh Iran) (in فارسی). Tehran, Iran: Asatir. p. 719. Search this book on
- ↑ Diwan Begi, Hussain ibn Reza Ali; Afshar, Iraj; Darya Gasht, Mohammad Rasul (2003). Diary of Diwan Begi: (Mirza Hossein Khan) from the years 1275 to 1317 (Kurdistan and Tehran), {Khaterate Divan Beygi) (in فارسی). Tehran, Iran: Asatir. pp. 69–71. Search this book on
- ↑ Ardebil in the path of history (Ardebil dar gozargah Tarikh) (in فارسی). Tehran, Iran: Islamic Azad University. 1991. p. 390. Search this book on
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Avery, Peter; Hamley, Cavill; Melville, Charles (2009). History of Iran according to Cambridge (Afshar, Zand and Qajar period) (in فارسی). Translated by Sagheb Far, Morteza. Tehran, Iran: Jami. p. 237. Search this book on
- ↑ Ravandi, Morteza (1975). Social history of Iran (Tarikhe Ejtemaee Iran) (in فارسی). Tehran, Iran: Amirkabir Publishing Institute. p. 14. Search this book on
- ↑ Abrahamitan, Yervand (1998). Iran between two revolutions [ایران بین دو انقلاب]. Translated by Gol Mohammadi, Ahmad; Fattahi Walilaei, Mohammad Ebrahim. Tehran, Iran: Ney Publishing. ISBN 978-964-312-363-5. Search this book on
- ↑ Mosavi Nia, Mohammad Taghi (November 2006). "The emergence of secret parties and associations in the constitutional revolution". Political-Economic Ettelaat (227): 147.
- ↑ Namvar, Rahim (1958). The history of the constitutional revolution (Tarikhe Enghelaab Mashrooteh) (in فارسی). Tehran, Iran: Chapar. Search this book on
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 Makki, Hossein (1990). Memories (Khaterat) (in فارسی) (1st ed.). Tehran, Iran: Elmi. p. 130. Search this book on
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Bastani, Parizi (2012). Talashe Azadi (Try of freedom) (in فارسی) (9 ed.). Tehran, Iran: Elm. pp. Bi Tarafi Iran Season. ISBN 9789644053436. Search this book on
- ↑ Pirnia, Hasan; Eghbal Ashtiyani, Abbas (2015). History of Iran (Tarikhe Iran) (in فارسی). Tehran, Iran: Meyar. Search this book on
- ↑ Azam Qudsi, Hasan. My Memory (in فارسی). Tehran: Hasan Morsel Vand. Search this book on
- ↑ توسط (2021-08-29). "وهن آباد". ادرس (in فارسی). Retrieved 2022-09-03.
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- CS1 فارسی-language sources (fa)
- Iranian revolutionaries
- 1879 births
- 1915 deaths
- Democrat Party (Persia) politicians
- Democrat Party of Iran politicians
- People from Ray, Iran
- Politicians from Tehran
- 19th-century Iranian politicians
- 20th-century Iranian politicians
- Democratic socialists
- Iranian social democrats
- Iranian democracy activists
- People of the Persian Constitutional Revolution
- Iran–Russia military relations
- Political history of Iran
- Politics of Qajar Iran
- People of Qajar Iran
- 1915 in Iran
- Iranian human rights activists
- Liberalism in Iran
- Iranian nationalists
- Heydar Latifiyan
- Latifiyan family
