Hokaglish
| Hokaglish | |
|---|---|
| Philippine Hybrid Hokkien | |
| salamtsam-oe or "EngChiLog" | |
| Native to | Philippines |
| Region | Manila (concentrated in Binondo) |
| Ethnicity | Chinese Filipino |
Native speakers | (more than 100,000 cited 1945 – present) |
Hokkien mixed language
| |
| not applicable, oral contact language | |
| Official status | |
Official language in | Not official, Minority language of the Philippines Binondo, Metro Manila (lingua franca) and abroad |
Recognised minority language in | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | None (mis) |
 Area where Hokaglish is spoken | |
Hokaglish (or Philippine Hybrid Hokkien), also known by locals as Sa-lam-tsam oe (mixed language), is an oral contact language primarily resulting among three languages: (1) Hokkien, (2) Tagalog, and (3) English (Other languages that have relative influence include Cantonese, Spanish and other local peripheral languages[1]).[2] Typically used by Filipino-Chinese or Chinese Filipinos, Hokaglish is used in quite a number of domains including corporations, academic institutions, restaurants, religious institutions, phone calls, and houses.[2] Some note that this is a result of having to maintain command of all three languages in the spheres of home, school, and greater Philippine society. Although used by Chinese Filipinos in general, this form of code switching is very popular with the younger generation (Tsinoys).[3]
The most recent observation of Hokaglish is that the contact language is gradually becoming a normative language of its own due to peculiarities from the phonological to the syntactic and even pragmatic level. Earlier thought to be a creole,[1] it may actually be a mixed language similar to Light Warlpiri or Gurindji Kriol. It is also considered a hybrid English or X-English, making it one of the Philippine Englishes.[4]
See also[edit]
- Light Warlpiri in Australia
- Gurindji Kriol
- Media Lengua
- Taglish in the Philippines
- Philippine Hokkien, a Hokkien variant spoken in the Philippines
- Chavacano in the Philippines
- Singlish, similar phenomenon in Singapore
References[edit]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Wong Gonzales, Wilkinson Daniel (16 November 2016). The language ecology of post-colonial Manila and Hokaglish – via ResearchGate. Search this book on
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Wong Gonzales, Wilkinson Daniel (May 2016). "Exploring trilingual code-switching: The case of 'Hokaglish' (PDF Download Available)". Retrieved 2016-10-24 – via ResearchGate.
- ↑ Zulueta, Johana. "I "Speak Chinese" but..." Code switching and Identity Construction in Chinese Filipino Youth". www.revistas.usp.br. Retrieved 2017-02-23.
- ↑ Wong Gonzales, Wilkinson Daniel. "Philippine Englishes". Asian Englishes. 19: 79–95. doi:10.1080/13488678.2016.1274574.
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