Hybrid Economy Model
The Hybrid Economy Model recognizes the distinctive and dynamic economies of remote and regional Indigenous communities in Australia by taking into account the customary, non-market, or non-capitalist modes of production distinctive to communities.[1]The model was developed by Jon Altman—professor emeritus at the Australian National University (ANU) and Deakin University, and of the Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research (CAEPR)—in 2001, based on his experience in remote Indigenous communities.[2] In addition to the two-pronged, market/state conceptualisation of an economy, Altman’s model identifies a third sector, the customary sector, in order to account for the non-monetised activities which he witnessed sustaining Indigenous communities, and affirming Indigenous connections to country, such as fishing, hunting, gathering, and cultural business.[3][4]
Positioning the Hybrid Economy Model
The model offers both an analytical framework, to consider the distinct characteristics of Indigenous economies, as well as a critical development or progressive policy framework.[5][6]For Altman, the cultivation of the customary sector, alongside state and market sectors is an essential element in fostering sustainable livelihoods on the Indigenous estate. [7] Drawing on decades of observation and fieldwork, Altman’s Hybrid Economy Model identifies the ways in which Indigenous economies are already working and identifies an approach to development that aligns with Indigenous communities. Development strategies that aim for a hybrid economy, enriching the customary sector rather than simply privileging industrial capitalism as hegemonic development discourse does, can accommodate the values and aspirations of kin-based societies.[8] In a disciplinary sense, the hybrid economy model can be situated as part of alternate or critical development studies. It represents a means to critique sets of persistent interrelated binaries in development discourse, including ‘real’/‘unreal’, ‘Indigenous’/‘non-Indigenous’, ‘market’/‘nonmarket’ and ‘public’/‘private’.[9][10] Altman’s Hybrid Economy Model emerges from Altman's observations of Kuninjku outstations/homelands in western Arnhem Land in 1979 and 1980 when undertaking his doctoral fieldwork.[11][12][13] Since 2001, Altman has refined the model and its theorisation with reference to change and continuity in the Kuninjku economy which he has observed for over 4 decades.
Applications of the Hybrid Economy Model
The hybrid economy model has been widely used, by Altman and others, to examine diverse regional and remote Aboriginal contexts and issues.[14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23] Altman draws many of his examples and discussions of economic hybridity from natural resource management and cultural land management.[24]His work on Indigenous community-based ranger programs, such as the Working on Country Indigenous land management program illustrates the dynamic between state, market and customary sectors. While the state or market funds provide environmental support and Indigenous rangers draw upon customary knowledge, skills and governance. Indigenous rangers are able to draw state and market funding while cultivating and maintaining their land customs. In the decade since the genesis of Working on Country, Indigenous ranger programs have been widely documented to be successful. Socially, the ranger programs are seen as a positive opportunity for Indigenous populations, as well as an ideal framework the intergenerational sharing of knowledge in communities. [25] Documented social outcomes include savings and better conditions in remote communities where Indigenous Protected Areas and Ranger programs are. The Hybrid Economy Model has been widely used in the context of Indigenous natural resource management by other scholars.
Similarly, Altman and others have used the Hybrid Economy Model to illustrate the overlapping interests and impacts of Indigenous art and cultural production for state, market, and customary purposes.[26][27][28] Altman uses hybridity not just in relation to livelihood activities; he also applies the concept to the particular relationships and institutions that structure economic life.[29] Several authors mention the hybrid economy and position it as representative of a particular take on Aboriginal economic development and Aboriginal affairs more generally.[30]
The Hybrid Economy Model and the ‘Real Economy’
The Hybrid Economy Model, alongside Altman’s advocacy and policy engagement, has garnered media interest in addition to academic engagement.[31] The model is often read against Noel Pearson's concept of 'the real economy.'[31] Marcia Langton asserts that Altman’s hybrid economy framework does not apply to the locations where she and Noel Pearson have been working to reduce welfare dependency and poverty through market engagement.
The ‘real economy’ construct, which rose to prominence in Australian Indigenous economic policy through the writings of Noel Pearson from the year 2000, is a key counterpoint to the hybrid economy approach. Pearson employs this term to describe economic forms where what people consume is shaped by what they produce. He contrasts the ‘real economy’ with the ‘gammon economy of passive welfare’, which Pearson sees as ‘unreal’ because there is no requirement to work in return for personal security or sustenance. Altman argues, in turn, that the ‘real’ economy in remote Indigenous Australia is the hybrid economy, because it reduces the risk of market dependence, increases existing competitive advantage, and is in many instances a more realistic modelling of livelihood opportunities and aspirations in remote and regional Australia than mainstream approaches that focus on engagement with capitalism alone.[29] Altman's model has not been put into action by policy makers, it is often used as a descriptor of the ad hoc system in place in many remote communities.[30]
References
- ↑ Power, culture, economy : indigenous Australians and mining. Altman, Jon C., 1954-, Martin, David (David Fernandes), Australian National University. Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research. Acton, A.C.T.: ANU E Press. 2009. ISBN 978-1-921536-87-8. OCLC 369165592. Search this book on
- ↑ Power, culture, economy : indigenous Australians and mining. Altman, Jon C., 1954-, Martin, David (David Fernandes), Australian National University. Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research. Acton, A.C.T.: ANU E Press. 2009. ISBN 978-1-921536-87-8. OCLC 369165592. Search this book on
- ↑ Jeuland, Marc; Baker, Justin; Bartlett, Ryan; Lacombe, Guillaume (2014-10-01). "The costs of uncoordinated infrastructure management in multi-reservoir river basins". Environmental Research Letters. 9 (10): 105006. doi:10.1088/1748-9326/9/10/105006. ISSN 1748-9326.
- ↑ "Environmental Research Letters". Environmental Research Letters. 2013. ISSN 1748-9326. OCLC 1096851096.
- ↑ Curchin, Katherine (2013). "Interrogating the hybrid economy approach to Indigenous development". Australian Journal of Social Issues. 48 (1): 15–34. doi:10.1002/j.1839-4655.2013.tb00269.x. ISSN 1839-4655.
- ↑ Australian Journal of Social Issues. 51 (2). July 2016. doi:10.1002/ajs4.2016.51.issue-2. ISSN 0157-6321 http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ajs4.2016.51.issue-2. Missing or empty
|title=(help) - ↑ Survey analysis for indigenous policy in Australia : social science perspectives. Hunter, B. H. (Boyd H.), Biddle, Nicholas, Dr. Acton, A.C.T.: ANU E Press. 2012. ISBN 978-1-922144-19-5. OCLC 809871194. Search this book on
- ↑ Postdevelopment in practice : alternatives, economies, ontologies. Klein, Elise, 1983-, Morreo, Carlos Eduardo. Abingdon, Oxon. ISBN 978-0-429-49213-6. OCLC 1083703885. Search this book on
- ↑ Engaging indigenous economy : debating diverse approaches. Sanders, Will, 1956-. Acton, ACT. ISBN 978-1-76046-004-4. OCLC 933708651. Search this book on
- ↑ Buchanan, Geoff (2016-04-20), Sanders, Will, ed., "From Samoa to CAEPR via Mumeka: The hybrid economy comes of age" (PDF), Engaging Indigenous Economy: Debating diverse approaches (1st ed.), ANU Press, doi:10.22459/caepr35.04.2016.02, ISBN 978-1-76046-004-4, retrieved 2020-09-07
- ↑ Layton, Robert; Altman, J. C. (March 1991). "Hunter-Gatherers Today: An Aboriginal Economy in North Australia". Man. 26 (1): 172. doi:10.2307/2803491. ISSN 0025-1496.
- ↑ "Notes About Authors". Management Science. 20 (11): 1496–1496. July 1974. doi:10.1287/mnsc.20.11.1496. ISSN 0025-1909.
- ↑ "Notes About Authors". Management Science. 20 (11): 1496–1496. July 1974. doi:10.1287/mnsc.20.11.1496. ISSN 0025-1909.
- ↑ Power, culture, economy : indigenous Australians and mining. Altman, Jon C., 1954-, Martin, David (David Fernandes), Australian National University. Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research. Acton, A.C.T.: ANU E Press. 2009. ISBN 978-1-921536-87-8. OCLC 369165592. Search this book on
- ↑ Altman, Jon; Cochrane, Michelle (2005-08-26). "Sustainable development in the indigenous-owned savanna: innovative institutional design for cooperative wildlife management". Wildlife Research. 32 (5): 473–480. doi:10.1071/WR04074. ISSN 1448-5494.
- ↑ Altman, Jon; Cochrane, Michelle (2005-08-26). "Sustainable development in the indigenous-owned savanna: innovative institutional design for cooperative wildlife management". Wildlife Research. 32 (5): 473–480. doi:10.1071/WR04074. ISSN 1448-5494.
- ↑ Altman, Jon C; Whitehead, Peter J; Australian National University; Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research (2003). Caring for country and sustainable indigenous development: opportunities, constraints and innovation. Canberra: Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research. ISBN 978-1-922144-19-5. OCLC 223656186. Search this book on
- ↑ "Erratum". Environmental Conservation. 23 (4): 289–289. December 1996. doi:10.1017/s0376892900039138. ISSN 0376-8929.
- ↑ Sercombe, Howard (2008). "Living in two camps: the stategies Goldfields Aboriginal people use to manage in the customary and the mainstream economy at the same time". Australian Aboriginal Studies (2): 16–31. OCLC 902804295.
- ↑ Indigenous participation in Australian economies. [I], Historical and anthropological perspectives. Keen, Ian. Acton, A.C.T.: ANU E Press. 2010. ISBN 978-1-921666-87-2. OCLC 668396320. Search this book on
- ↑ Monfort, P (2000-02-15). "Listeria innocua and Salmonella panama in estuarine water and seawater: a comparative study". Water Research. 34 (3): 983–989. doi:10.1016/s0043-1354(99)00198-0. ISSN 0043-1354.
- ↑ Buchanan, Geoff (2014-01-02). "Hybrid economy research in remote Indigenous Australia: seeing and supporting the customary in community food economies". Local Environment. 19 (1): 10–32. doi:10.1080/13549839.2013.787973. ISSN 1354-9839.
- ↑ Jackson, Sue; Palmer, Lisa R. (2014-06-26). "Reconceptualizing ecosystem services: Possibilities for cultivating and valuing the ethics and practices of care". Progress in Human Geography. doi:10.1177/0309132514540016.
- ↑ Rijke, Kim de (2013). "People on Country: Vital Landscapes, Indigenous Futures J. Altman, S. Kerins (eds.) Annandale, NSW: The Federation Press, 2012. xxii + 250 pp., appendices, index. ISBN 978-1-921666-87-2. AUD $39.95 (Pb.)". The Australian Journal of Anthropology. 24 (3): 359–361. doi:10.1111/taja.12065. ISSN 1757-6547.
- ↑ "https://twitter.com/awconservancy/status/940020871082545152". Twitter. Retrieved 2020-09-08. External link in
|title=(help) - ↑ Crossing country : the alchemy of Western Arnhem Land art. Perkins, Hetti., Art Gallery of New South Wales. Sydney [N.S.W.]: Art Gallery of New South Wales. 2004. ISBN 0-7347-6359-X. OCLC 56650244. Search this book on
- ↑ Between indigenous Australia and Europe : John Mawurndjul : art histories in context. Volkenandt, Claus., Kaufmann, Christian. Berlin: Aboriginal Studies Press, Reimer. 2009. ISBN 978-3-496-02809-3. OCLC 222158395. Search this book on
- ↑ Koenig, Jennifer; Altman, Jon; Griffiths, Anthony D. (December 2011). "Indigenous Livelihoods and Art Income: participation, production and returns from woodcarvings in Arnhem Land, north Australia". Australian Geographer. 42 (4): 351–369. doi:10.1080/00049182.2011.619952. ISSN 0004-9182.
- ↑ 29.0 29.1 Russell, Susie (2011). "People On Country: The Hybrid Economy Topic Guide". Centre for Aboriginal Economic Policy Research. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ 30.0 30.1 Rothwell, Nicholas (June 4, 2016). "Indigenous policy: academic Jon Altman and his 'hybrid economy'" The Australian
- ↑ 31.0 31.1 Pearson, Noel (2009). Up from the mission : selected writings. Black Inc. ISBN 978-1-86395-428-0. OCLC 320504640. Search this book on
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