In-group and out-group
Peer review comments:
- break up the paragraphs
- subtitles within
- separate paragraphs
- The last section under "in-group favoritism" should be further expanded on
- how did their perceptions differ?
- Cite more in the "Neural mechanisms" section
- you mention research but don't cite
In-Group Favoritism[edit]
This refers to the fact that under certain conditions, people will prefer and have affinity for one's in-group over the out-group, or anyone viewed as outside the in-group. This can be expressed in one's evaluation of others, linking, allocation of resources, and many other ways. How we perceive the actions of others are also affected by in-group favoritism. People may percieve the same action very differently depending on whether the action was executed by a member of the same group or a member of a different group.[1] In fact, people tend to evaluate actions of their own group or team members much more favorably than those of outgroup members.[1] An illustrative example of the way this phenomenon takes place can be demonstrated just by arbitrarily assigning a person to a distinct and objectively meaningless novel group; this alone is sufficient to create intergroup biases in which members of the perceiver’s own group are preferentially favored.[2]This phenomenon was perfectly demonstrated in an empirical study conducted by, Molenberghs and colleagues in 2013.[1] In the study participants were arbitrarily dividied into two teams where they watched videos of individuals of competing teams and individuals from their own team perfom hand actions. Participants were then asked to judge the speed of the hand movements.[1] On average participants judged members of their own teams to be faster, although the hand movements were the exact same speed across the board. Similarly, Hastorf and Cantril conducted a pioneering study in 2010, where students of both Princeton and Dartmouth viewed a contentious football game between their two teams.[3] Although they had watched the same motion picture of the game, their versions of what transpired were so starkly different it appeared as though they had watched two totally different games.[3]
Neural Mechanisms of In-Group Favoritism and Out-Group Bias[edit]
Some may wonder why in-group favoritism takes place, even in arbitrarily assigned groups where group members have nothing in common other than the group to which they were assigned. Research points to unconscious decision making processes that takes place at the neurological level, where in-group favoritism and out-group bias occurs very early in perception. This process can begin by simply viewing a person's face[4]. Research indicates that individuals are faster and more accurate at recognizing faces of ingroup vs outgroup members.[5] For example, researchers in a cross-race recognition study recorded blood oxygenation level-dependent signal (BOLD) activity from black and white participants while they viewed and attempted to remember pictures of unfamiliar black faces, white faces and objects[6]. They found that participants in this study exhibited greater activity in the Fusiform Face Area (FFA),an area of the Fusiform Gyrus located in the inferior temporal cortex of the brain linked to object and face recognition, when viewing same race faces compared to other race faces[6] Lower activity in the FFA reflects a failure to encode outgroup members at the individual level rather than the categorical level, which comes at the expense of encoding individuating information[7][8].[9] This suggests out-group or unfamiliar faces may not be “faces” with the same intensity as in-group faces[10]. Prior research has also shown that the devaluation and dehumanization of outgroup members is exacerbated when the initial encoding and configural processing of an outgroup face is impeded. [11] So not only does this initial encoding process dehumanize outgroup members, it also contributes to a homogeneity effect, whereby outgroup members are perceived as more similar to each other than ingroup members.[12]
References[edit]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Molenberghs, Pascal; Halász, Veronika; Mattingley, Jason B.; Vanman, Eric J.; Cunnington, Ross (2013). "Seeing is believing: Neural mechanisms of action–perception are biased by team membership". Human Brain Mapping. 34 (9): 2055–2068. doi:10.1002/hbm.22044. ISSN 1097-0193. PMC 6870530 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 22290781. - ↑ Tajfel, Henri; Billig, M. G.; Bundy, R. P.; Flament, Claude (1971). "Social categorization and intergroup behaviour". European Journal of Social Psychology. 1 (2): 149–178. doi:10.1002/ejsp.2420010202. ISSN 1099-0992.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Hastorf, Albert H.; Cantril, Hadley (1954). "They saw a game; a case study". The Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology. 49 (1): 129–134. doi:10.1037/h0057880. ISSN 0096-851X.
- ↑ Senholzi, Keith B.; Kubota, Jennifer T. (2016), "The Neural Mechanisms of Prejudice Intervention", Neuroimaging Personality, Social Cognition, and Character, Elsevier, pp. 337–354, ISBN 978-0-12-800935-2, retrieved 2020-12-07
- ↑ Corenblum, B.; Meissner, Christian A. (March 2006). "Recognition of faces of ingroup and outgroup children and adults". Journal of Experimental Child Psychology. 93 (3): 187–206. doi:10.1016/j.jecp.2005.09.001.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Golby, Alexandra J.; Gabrieli, John D. E.; Chiao, Joan Y.; Eberhardt, Jennifer L. (August 2001). "Differential responses in the fusiform region to same-race and other-race faces". Nature Neuroscience. 4 (8): 845–850. doi:10.1038/90565. ISSN 1097-6256.
- ↑ Young, Steven G.; Hugenberg, Kurt (2011-05-31). "Individuation Motivation and Face Experience Can Operate Jointly to Produce the Own-Race Bias". Social Psychological and Personality Science. 3 (1): 80–87. doi:10.1177/1948550611409759. ISSN 1948-5506.
- ↑ Sangrigoli, Sandy; de Schonen, Scania (October 2004). "Recognition of own-race and other-race faces by three-month-old infants". Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry. 45 (7): 1219–1227. doi:10.1111/j.1469-7610.2004.00319.x. ISSN 0021-9630.
- ↑ Ostrom, Thomas M.; Carpenter, Sandra L.; Sedikides, Constantine; Li, Fan (1993). "Differential processing of in-group and out-group information". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 64 (1): 21–34. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.64.1.21. ISSN 1939-1315.
- ↑ Brosch, Tobias; Bar-David, Eyal; Phelps, Elizabeth A. (2013-01-08). "Implicit Race Bias Decreases the Similarity of Neural Representations of Black and White Faces". Psychological Science. 24 (2): 160–166. doi:10.1177/0956797612451465. ISSN 0956-7976.
- ↑ Krosch, Amy R.; Amodio, David M. (November 2019). "Scarcity disrupts the neural encoding of Black faces: A socioperceptual pathway to discrimination". Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. 117 (5): 859–875. doi:10.1037/pspa0000168. ISSN 1939-1315.
- ↑ Kubota, Jennifer T; Banaji, Mahzarin R; Phelps, Elizabeth A (July 2012). "The neuroscience of race". Nature Neuroscience. 15 (7): 940–948. doi:10.1038/nn.3136. ISSN 1097-6256. PMC 3864590. PMID 22735516.
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