Individualized medicine
Individualized medicine tailors treatment to a single patient. The term refers to an individualized, truly personalized medicine that strives to treat each patient on the basis of his own individual biology.
Individualized medicine represents a further individualization of personalized medicine.[original research?] While the latter is aimed at a specific group of patients, individualized medicine deals with the individual circumstances of a single person. Thus, individualized medicine goes one step further and can be considered as an increase in personalized medicine.[original research?]
Individualized medicine seeks to derive tailored therapies for individuals by taking into account a person's genes as well as the full range of that person's unique nature, including biological, physiological and anatomical information.
Background
Individualized medicine was first mentioned in the literature in 2003 and described the individual drug metabolism in pharmacogenomics.[1][2] Subsequently, the term was used to improve diagnosis based on genetic differences and physiological information and to better tailor the treatment to the needs of a single patient.[3][4][2]
More recently, a second context has been introduced that relates to therapeutic approaches that use a person's own cell material to develop a treatment that is unique to the patient from whom the material originated.[2] Examples are stem-cell therapies[5] and cancer vaccines,[6] which are based on individually distinct molecular profiles.[7][8]
Access
Paternalistic, legal and FDA-imposed cost barriers are significant.[9]
Barriers to individualized medicine for life-threatening diseases can be avoided by treatments allowed by Individualized Treatments Acts.
Genome research
Genome research has led to new resources that allow more accurate diagnosis and disease management to be tailored to each patient.[2] The challenge of health research is to maximize therapeutic efficacy for each patient while minimizing side effects. An individual medicine approach may be required for those patients who cannot be categorized by mainstream personalized medicine or who suffer diseases without effective drug therapies. The widespread use of advanced imaging techniques and high-throughput technologies that allow for the in-depth study of genes, proteins, and metabolites provides a better understanding of the molecular processes involved in the origin and progression of a disease.[2] Along with other information, these data form the basis for the development of new diagnostic technologies and treatment approaches that are customized for each individual patient.
Individualized medicine in oncology
Individualized medicine is playing an increasingly important role, especially in oncology, given that cancers can be extremely heterogeneous between individual patients and within the tumor itself.[10] For example, individualized cancer immunotherapy with the production of vaccines tailored to match a person's individual constellation of cancer mutations, the mutanome, has become a new field of research.[11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21] Each patient has an individual mutational signature, and only a very small portion of the mutations are shared between patients.[22][13] The aim of individualized medicine is to optimize the treatment strategy for a single patient using genetic information as well as molecular and cellular analyses.
References
- ↑ Srivastava, P (2003). "Drug metabolism and individualized medicine". Curr Drug Metab. 4 (1): 33–44. doi:10.2174/1389200033336829. PMID 12570744.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Pokorska-Bocci, A; Stewart, A; Sagoo, GS; Hall, A; Kroese, M; Burton, H (2014). "'Personalized medicine': what's in a name?". Personalized Medicine. 11 (2): 197–210. doi:10.2217/pme.13.107. PMID 29751382.
- ↑ Hall, JG (2003). "Individualized medicine. What the genetic revolution will bring to health care in the 21st century". Can Fam Physician. 49 (1): 12–13. PMC 2214122. PMID 12602834.
- ↑ Hoffman, MA; Williams, MS (2011). "Electronic medical records and personalized medicine". Hum Genet. 130 (1): 33–39. doi:10.1007/s00439-011-0992-y. PMID 21519832. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Baker, M (2011). "Reprogramming Rx". Nat Med. 17 (3): 241–243. doi:10.1038/nm0311-241. PMID 21383713. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Gravitz, L (2011). "A fight for life that united a field". Nature. 478 (7368): 163–164. Bibcode:2011Natur.478..163G. doi:10.1038/478163a. PMID 21993732.
- ↑ Graham-Rowe, D (2011). "Overview: Multiple lines of attack". Nature. 480 (7377): S34–S35. Bibcode:2011Natur.480S..34G. doi:10.1038/480S34a. PMID 22169797. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Humphries, C (2011). "Genetics: Profiling a shape-shifter". Nature. 480 (7377): S50–S51. Bibcode:2011Natur.480S..50H. doi:10.1038/480S50a. PMID 22169804. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ "Overcoming Paternalistic Barriers to Personalized Medicine in the AI Age". R Street Institute. Retrieved 2026-04-29.
- ↑ Chen, DS; Mellman, I (2017). "Elements of cancer immunity and the cancer-immune set point". Nature. 541 (7637): 321–330. Bibcode:2017Natur.541..321C. doi:10.1038/nature21349. PMID 28102259. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Hilf, N; Kuttruff-Coqui, S; Frenzel, K; Bukur, V; Stevanović, S; Gouttefangeas, C; Platten, M; Tabatabai, G; Dutoit, V; van der Burg, SH; Thor Straten, P; Martínez-Ricarte, F; Ponsati, B; Okada, H; Lassen, U; Admon, A; Ottensmeier, CH; Ulges, A; Kreiter, S; von Deimling, A; Skardelly, M; Migliorini, D; Kroep, JR; Idorn, M; Rodon, J; Piró, J; Poulsen, HS; Shraibman, B; McCann, K; Mendrzyk, R; Löwer, M; Stieglbauer, M; Britten, CM; Capper, D; Welters, MJP; Sahuquillo, J; Kiesel, K; Derhovanessian, E; Rusch, E; Bunse, L; Song, C; Heesch, S; Wagner, C; Kemmer-Brück, A; Ludwig, J; Castle, JC; Schoor, O; Tadmor, AD; Green, E; Fritsche, J; Meyer, M; Pawlowski, N; Dorner, S; Hoffgaard, F; Rössler, B; Maurer, D; Weinschenk, T; Reinhardt, C; Huber, C; Rammensee, HG; Singh-Jasuja, H; Sahin, U; Dietrich, PY; Wick, W (2019). "Actively personalized vaccination trial for newly diagnosed glioblastoma". Nature. 565 (7738): 240–245. Bibcode:2019Natur.565..240H. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0810-y. PMID 30568303. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Keskin, DB; Anandappa, AJ; Sun, J; Tirosh, I; Mathewson, ND; Li, S; Oliveira, G; Giobbie-Hurder, A; Felt, K; Gjini, E; Shukla, SA; Hu, Z; Li, L; Le, PM; Allesøe, RL; Richman, AR; Kowalczyk, MS; Abdelrahman, S; Geduldig, JE; Charbonneau, S; Pelton, K; Iorgulescu, JB; Elagina, L; Zhang, W; Olive, O; McCluskey, C; Olsen, LR; Stevens, J; Lane, WJ; Salazar, AM; Daley, H; Wen, PY; Chiocca, EA; Harden, M; Lennon, NJ; Gabriel, S; Getz, G; Lander, ES; Regev, A; Ritz, J; Neuberg, D; Rodig, SJ; Ligon, KL; Suvà, ML; Wucherpfennig, KW; Hacohen, N; Fritsch, EF; Livak, KJ; Ott, PA; Wu, CJ; Reardon, DA (2019). "Neoantigen vaccine generates intratumoral T cell responses in phase Ib glioblastoma trial". Nature. 565 (7368): 234–239. doi:10.1038/s41586-018-0792-9. PMC 6546179 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 30568305. - ↑ 13.0 13.1 Vormehr, M; Türeci, Ö; Sahin, U (2019). "Harnessing Tumor Mutations for Truly Individualized Cancer Vaccines". Annu Rev Med. 70: 395–407. doi:10.1146/annurev-med-042617-101816. PMID 30691374. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Türeci, Ö; Löwer, M; Schrörs, B; Lang, M; Tadmor, A; Sahin, U (2018). "Challenges towards the realization of individualized cancer vaccines". Nat Biomed Eng. 2 (8): 566–569. doi:10.1038/s41551-018-0266-2. PMID 31015635. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Sahin, U; Derhovanessian, E; Miller, M; Kloke, BP; Simon, P; Löwer, M; Bukur, V; Tadmor, AD; Luxemburger, U; Schrörs, B; Omokoko, T; Vormehr, M; Albrecht, C; Paruzynski, A; Kuhn, AN; Buck, J; Heesch, S; Schreeb, KH; Müller, F; Ortseifer, I; Vogler, I; Godehardt, E; Attig, S; Rae, R; Breitkreuz, A; Tolliver, C; Suchan, M; Martic, G; Hohberger, A; Sorn, P; Diekmann, J; Ciesla, J; Waksmann, O; Brück, AK; Witt, M; Zillgen, M; Rothermel, A; Kasemann, B; Langer, D; Bolte, S; Diken, M; Kreiter, S; Nemecek, R; Gebhardt, C; Grabbe, S; Höller, C; Utikal, J; Huber, C; Loquai, C; Türeci, Ö (2017). "Personalized RNA mutanome vaccines mobilize poly-specific therapeutic immunity against cancer". Nature. 547 (7662): 222–226. Bibcode:2017Natur.547..222S. doi:10.1038/nature23003. PMID 28678784. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Ott, PA; Hu, Z; Keskin, DB; Shukla, SA; Sun, J; Bozym, DJ; Zhang, W; Luoma, A; Giobbie-Hurder, A; Peter, L; Chen, C; Olive, O; Carter, TA; Li, S; Lieb, DJ; Eisenhaure, T; Gjini, E; Stevens, J; Lane, WJ; Javeri, I; Nellaiappan, K; Salazar, AM; Daley, H; Seaman, M; Buchbinder, EI; Yoon, CH; Harden, M; Lennon, N; Gabriel, S; Rodig, SJ; Barouch, DH; Aster, JC; Getz, G; Wucherpfennig, K; Neuberg, D; Ritz, J; Lander, ES; Fritsch, EF; Hacohen, N; Wu, CJ (2017). "An immunogenic personal neoantigen vaccine for patients with melanoma". Nature. 547 (7662): 217–221. Bibcode:2017Natur.547..217O. doi:10.1038/nature22991. PMC 5577644. PMID 28678778.
- ↑ Kranz, LM; Diken, M; Haas, H; Kreiter, S; Loquai, C; Reuter, KC; Meng, M; Fritz, D; Vascotto, F; Hefesha, H; Grunwitz, C; Vormehr, M; Hüsemann, Y; Selmi, A; Kuhn, AN; Buck, J; Derhovanessian, E; Rae, R; Attig, S; Diekmann, J; Jabulowsky, RA; Heesch, S; Hassel, J; Langguth, P; Grabbe, S; Huber, C; Türeci, Ö; Sahin, U (2016). "Systemic RNA delivery to dendritic cells exploits antiviral defence for cancer immunotherapy". Nature. 534 (7607): 396–401. Bibcode:2016Natur.534..396K. doi:10.1038/nature18300. PMID 27281205. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Kreiter, S; Vormehr, M; van de Roemer, N; Diken, M; Löwer, M; Diekmann, J; Boegel, S; Schrörs, B; Vascotto, F; Castle, JC; Tadmor, AD; Schoenberger, SP; Huber, C; Türeci, Ö; Sahin, U (2015). "Mutant MHC class II epitopes drive therapeutic immune responses to cancer". Nature. 520 (7549): 692–696. Bibcode:2015Natur.520..692K. doi:10.1038/nature14426. PMC 4838069. PMID 25901682.
- ↑ Carreno, BM; Magrini, V; Becker-Hapak, M; Kaabinejadian, S; Hundal, J; Petti, AA; Ly, A; Lie, WR; Hildebrand, WH; Mardis, ER; Linette, GP (2015). "Cancer immunotherapy. A dendritic cell vaccine increases the breadth and diversity of melanoma neoantigen-specific T cells". Science. 348 (6236): 803–808. doi:10.1126/science.aaa3828. PMC 4549796. PMID 25837513.
- ↑ Castle, JC; Kreiter, S; Diekmann, J; Löwer, M; van de Roemer, N; de Graaf, J; Selmi, A; Diken, M; Boegel, S; Paret, C; Koslowski, M; Kuhn, AN; Britten, CM; Huber, C; Türeci, O; Sahin, U (2012). "Exploiting the mutanome for tumor vaccination". Cancer Res. 72 (5): 1081–1091. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-11-3722. PMID 22237626.
- ↑ Kreiter, S; Selmi, A; Diken, M; Koslowski, M; Britten, CM; Huber, C; Türeci, O; Sahin, U (2010). "Intranodal vaccination with naked antigen-encoding RNA elicits potent prophylactic and therapeutic antitumoral immunity". Cancer Res. 70 (22): 9031–9040. doi:10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-10-0699. PMID 21045153.
- ↑ Kreiter, S; Castle, JC; Türeci, Ö; Sahin, U (2012). "Targeting the tumor mutanome for personalized vaccination therapy". Oncoimmunology. 1 (5): 768–769. doi:10.4161/onci.19727. PMC 3429589. PMID 22934277.
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