Indo-European smith god
| Smith God | |
|---|---|
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| Equivalents | |
| Greek equivalent | Hephaestus, Daedalus |
| Roman equivalent | Vulcan |
| Norse equivalent | Wayland the Smith |
| Slavic equivalent | Svarog |
| Hinduism equivalent | Tvastr |
| Hittite equivalent | Hasameli |
| Irish equivalent | Goibniu |
The Proto-Indo-Europeans had a smith god in their pantheon.[1][not in citation given][2][not in citation given] Although the name of a particular smith god cannot be linguistically reconstructed.[3] Smith gods occur in nearly every Indo-European culture, as well as contemprary non Indo-European cultures,[3] with examples including the Hittite Hasammili, the Vedic Tvastr, the Greek Hephaestus, the Germanic Wayland, the Irish Goibniu, the Lithuanian Teliavelis and the Ossetian Kurdalagon and the Slavic Svarog.[1][2] Mallory notes that "deities specifically concerned with particular craft specializations may be expected in any ideological system whose people have achieved an appropriate level of social complexity".[4]
Crafting the weapon of the main god[edit]
Nonetheless, two motifs recur frequently in Indo-European traditions: the making of the chief god's distinctive weapon (Indra’s and Zeus’ bolt; Lugh’s spear) by a special artificer[5]
Such weapons include Indra's Vajra in Hindu mythology[6][7][8] made by Tvastar,[9] Ukko's Ukonvasara in Finnish mythology,[lower-alpha 1][6][7][8] Thor's Mjolnir in Norse mythology[6][7][8] and Perkwunos' *meld-n-.[10][11] or *h₂ekmōn.[lower-alpha 2]
Drinking[edit]
The craftsman god is associated with the immortals’ drinking.[5]
Lameness[edit]
Smith mythical figures share other characteristics in common. Hephaestus, the Greek god of blacksmiths, and Wayland the Smith, a nefarious blacksmith from Germanic mythology, are both described as lame.[13]
Escape from the island[edit]
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Additionally, Wayland the Smith and the Greek mythical inventor Daedalus both escape imprisonment on an island by fashioning sets of mechanical wings and using them to fly away.[14][15]
See Also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ↑ Not an Indo-European mythology, but with a lot of influence. For more info see Ukonvasara#Indo-European influence.
- ↑ A term for the sky, also used as a term for the weapon of Perkwunos occasionally.[12]
References[edit]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 West 2007, pp. 154–156.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Jakobson 1985, p. 26.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Mallory & Adams 2006, p. 529.
- ↑ Mallory & Adams 1997, p. 139.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 West 2007, p. 157.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 Thomas Berry (1996). Religions of India: Hinduism, Yoga, Buddhism. Columbia University Press. pp. 20–21. ISBN 978-0-231-10781-5. Search this book on
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 T. N. Madan (2003). The Hinduism Omnibus. Oxford University Press. p. 81. ISBN 978-0-19-566411-9. Search this book on
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Sukumari Bhattacharji (2015). The Indian Theogony. Cambridge University Press. pp. 280–281. Search this book on
- ↑ Rigveda 1.32, translated by Ralph T. H. Griffith
- ↑ West 2007, p. 251.
- ↑ Watkins 1995, p. 429.
- ↑ Le Quellec 1996, p. 292.
- ↑ West 2007, p. 156.
- ↑ West 2007, p. 155.
- ↑ "Those Magnificent Men in their Flying Machines: Typological Perspectives on Wayland and Daedalus | IASH". www.iash.ed.ac.uk. Retrieved 2023-03-07.
Sources[edit]
- Jakobson, Roman (1985). "Linguistic Evidence in Comparative Mythology". In Stephen Rudy. Roman Jakobson: Selected Writings. VII: Contributions to Comparative Mythology: Studies in Linguistics and Philology, 1972-1982. Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 9783110855463. Search this book on
- Mallory, James P.; Adams, Douglas Q. (1997). Encyclopedia of Indo-European Culture. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-884964-98-5. Search this book on
- Mallory, James P.; Adams, Douglas Q. (2006). The Oxford Introduction to Proto-Indo-European and the Proto-Indo-European World. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-929668-2. Search this book on
- West, Martin L. (2007). Indo-European Poetry and Myth. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-928075-9. Search this book on
- Beekes, Robert S. P. (2009). Etymological Dictionary of Greek. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-32186-1. Search this book on
- De Bernardo, Patrizia (2009). "La gramática celtibérica del Primer Bronce de Botorrita: nuevos resultados". Palaeohispanica. Revista sobre lenguas y culturas de la Hispania Antigua (9): 683–699. ISSN 1578-5386.
- Delamarre, Xavier (2003). Dictionnaire de la langue gauloise: Une approche linguistique du vieux-celtique continental. Errance. ISBN 9782877723695. Search this book on
- Derksen, Rick (2008). Etymological Dictionary of the Slavic Inherited Lexicon. Brill. ISBN 9789004155046. Search this book on
- Derksen, Rick (2015). Etymological Dictionary of the Baltic Inherited Lexicon. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-27898-1. Search this book on
- de Vaan, Michiel (2008). Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages. Brill. ISBN 9789004167971. Search this book on
- Fortson, Benjamin W. IV (2004). Indo-European Language and Culture. Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4443-5968-8. Search this book on
- Jackson, Peter (2002). "Light from Distant Asterisks. Towards a Description of the Indo-European Religious Heritage". Numen. 49 (1): 61–102. doi:10.1163/15685270252772777. ISSN 0029-5973. JSTOR 3270472.
- Kloekhorst, Alwin (2008). Etymological Dictionary of the Hittite Inherited Lexicon. Brill. ISBN 9789004160927. Search this book on
- Koch, John T. (2020). Celto-Germanic, Later Prehistory and Post-Proto-Indo-European vocabulary in the North and West. University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies. ISBN 9781907029325. Search this book on
- Kroonen, Guus (2013). Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Germanic. Brill. ISBN 9789004183407. Search this book on
- Lajoye, Patrice; Oudaer, Guillaume (2014). "*Percos/*Ercos: An Unknown Celtic Theonym". The Journal of Indo-European Studies. 42 (1–2): 40–100. ISSN 0092-2323.
- Lajoye, Patrice (2015). Perun, dieu slave de l'orage: Archéologie, histoire, folklore. Lingva. Search this book on
- Le Quellec, Jean-Loïc (1996). "Mégalithes et traditions populaires. La hache et le marteau de vie et de mort". Bulletin de la Société préhistorique française. 93 (3): 287–297. doi:10.3406/bspf.1996.10169.
- Matasović, Ranko (2009). Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic. Brill. ISBN 9789004173361. Search this book on
- Nagy, Gregory (1974). "Perkūnas and Perunъ". In Mayrhofer, Manfred; Meid, Wolfgang. Antiquitates Indogermanicae. Institut für Sprachwissenschaft. pp. 113–131. ISBN 978-3851245202. Search this book on
- Orel, Vladimir E. (1998). Albanian Etymological Dictionary. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-11024-3. Search this book on
- Orel, Vladimir E. (2003). A Handbook of Germanic Etymology. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-12875-0. Search this book on
- Puhvel, Jaan (1987). Comparative Mythology. Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-0-8018-3938-2. Search this book on
- Treimer, Karl (1971). "Zur Rückerschliessung der illyrischen Götterwelt und ihre Bedeutung für die südslawische Philologie". In Henrik Barić. Arhiv za Arbanasku starinu, jezik i etnologiju. I. R. Trofenik. pp. 27–33. Search this book on
- Watkins, Calvert (1995). How to Kill a Dragon: Aspects of Indo-European Poetics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0198024712. Search this book on
- York, Michael (1993). "Toward a Proto-Indo-European vocabulary of the sacred". WORD. 44 (2): 235–254. doi:10.1080/00437956.1993.11435902. ISSN 0043-7956.
- Zaroff, Roman. "Organized pagan cult in Kievan Rus: The invention of foreign elite or evolution of local tradition? [Organizirani poganski kult v kijevski drzavi: Iznajdba tuje elite ali razvoj krajevnega izrocila?]". In: Studia mythologica Slavica. 2 (1999): 56-60. 10.3986/sms.v2i0.1844.
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