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Industrial blockchain

From EverybodyWiki Bios & Wiki


Blockchain is a type of distributed ledger which is shared within a Peer to Peer (P2P) network and its content is kept identical among all participants of the network.[1] Blockchain technology has attracted lots of attentions recently due to its inherent advantages in enhancing security and privacy,[2] improves network’s fault tolerance,[3] providing a faster settlement and reconciliation,[4] and creating a scalable network.[5][6][7] Blockchain has been adopted by several industries, such as, supply chain traceability system,[8][9] M2M communication in the electrical grid system,[10] decentralized logistic operation,[11] decentralized data sharing among healthcare applications,[12] and financial services in banking industry.[13] However, application of blockchain in industry 4.0 and smart manufacturing requires more study and clarification of needs and future direction. In this article, integration of blockchain in Cyber Physical Production Systems is explained.

History

Cyber-Physical Production Systems (CPPS) is one of the emerging trends in manufacturing that tries to integrate manufacturing resources in order to enhance efficiency, productivity, and speed. CPPSs are complex interconnected networks of manufacturing elements that aim to integrate physical and computational resources for enhancing transparency, automation and efficiency.[14][15] Advanced interconnectivity, on-demand computational resources, and Industrial Artificial Intelligence (AI)[15] are the key enabler for such futuristic vision of CPPSs. CPPS along with cloud manufacturing are two of the most emphasized trends in manufacturing and their integration with new technologies such as blockchain can resolve many challenges associated with their real world implementation.

Blockchain enabled Cyber Physical Systems (BCPS)

This section emphasizes the application of blockchain in the realization of the CPS paradigm. An advanced CPS is typically consists of 5 levels,[14] namely, 1- Connection, 2- Conversion, 3- Cyber, 4- Cognition, and 5-Configure. The impact of blockchain in each layer is explained below:

Connection

Gathering data from manufacturing shop floor, tracking products history in the supply chain, and secure and reliable data transfer are the crucial elements in the CPS connectivity. In a blockchain network, different nodes (PCs, controllers, actuators, etc.) with higher capacity could be used as a local server (Micro-Cloud) to provide services to the resource-restricted elements of the network and thus contribute to the network reliability and resilience.[15]). Distributed storage also could be utilized in this technology for reducing network congestion [16]

Conversion

The second step in designing a CPS is to convert raw data into meaningful information. This transformation empowers manufacturing ecosystem with transparency and automation.[17] Advanced edge and fog computing technologies[18] can provide a platform for on-demand resource access and provisioning an interconnected intelligent network. Blockchain capabilities to remove intermediaries would help in P2P interaction and finally would enhance automation across manufacturing shop floor. Blockchain can improve reliability, security, and evolution of AI tools by creating a shared network of data and intelligence providers, keep a record from the origin of data, and facilitate distributed/federated learning.[15]

Cyber

Manufacturing cyber space includes some of most advanced topics such as big data analytics, digital twin, augmented/virtual reality, and big data storage. A blockchain structure could facilitate the developments towards distributed cloud computing[19] by providing data security,[5][20] distributed data storage,[21] and facilitating data access through a P2P network.[22][23] Blockchain is expected to significantly enhance distributed storage, management, and computing and therefore would potentially contribute to the Cyber space advancement.

Cognition

In this layer, infographic tools are used to support intelligent decision making. Blockchain can provide a distributed decision support system that can potentially improve efficiency, resilience, and cooperative decision making in manufacturing systems.[15]

Configuration

Decisions made in the cyber space are passed to the physical space for enhancing manufacturing productivity, self-configuration, optimization, and condition adaptability across manufacturing shop floor. Blockading would guaranty the authenticity of feedback to the physical space and track implementation history of each decision made through the whole process of cyber-physical interaction.[15]

References

  1. ↑ Tribe, John (April 2006). "The truth about tourism". Annals of Tourism Research. 33 (2): 360–381. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2005.11.001.
  2. ↑ Dorri, A.; Kanhere, S. S.; Jurdak, R.; Gauravaram, P. (2017). "Blockchain for IoT security and privacy: The case study of a smart home". 2017 IEEE International Conference on Pervasive Computing and Communications Workshops (PerCom Workshops): 618–623. doi:10.1109/PERCOMW.2017.7917634.
  3. ↑ Barenji, A. Vatankhah; Li, Z.; Wang, W. M. (2018). "Blockchain Cloud Manufacturing: Shop Floor and Machine Level". Smart SysTech 2018; European Conference on Smart Objects, Systems and Technologies: 1–6.
  4. ↑ Afanasev, M. Y.; Fedosov, Y. V.; Krylova, A. A.; Shorokhov, S. A. (2018). "An application of blockchain and smart contracts for machine-to-machine communications in cyber-physical production systems". 2018 IEEE Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems (ICPS): 13–19. doi:10.1109/ICPHYS.2018.8387630.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Angrish, Atin; Craver, Benjamin; Hasan, Mahmud; Starly, Binil (2018). "A Case Study for Blockchain in Manufacturing: "FabRec": A Prototype for Peer-to-Peer Network of Manufacturing Nodes". Procedia Manufacturing. 26: 1180–1192. doi:10.1016/j.promfg.2018.07.154.
  6. ↑ Li, Zhi; Barenji, Ali Vatankhah; Huang, George Q. (December 2018). "Toward a blockchain cloud manufacturing system as a peer to peer distributed network platform". Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing. 54: 133–144. doi:10.1016/j.rcim.2018.05.011.
  7. ↑ Catalini, Christian; Gans, Joshua S (December 2016). "Some Simple Economics of the Blockchain". National Bureau of Economic Research.
  8. ↑ Gallay, Olivier; Korpela, Kari; Tapio, Niemi; Nurminen, Jukka K. (October 2017). "A peer-to-peer platform for decentralized logistics". Proceedings of the Hamburg International Conference of Logistics (HICL). epubli. pp. 19–34. doi:10.15480/882.1473.
  9. ↑ Gallay, Olivier; Korpela, Kari; Tapio, Niemi; Nurminen, Jukka K. (October 2017). "A peer-to-peer platform for decentralized logistics". Proceedings of the Hamburg International Conference of Logistics (HICL). epubli. pp. 19–34. doi:10.15480/882.1473.
  10. ↑ Sikorski, Janusz J.; Haughton, Joy; Kraft, Markus (June 2017). "Blockchain technology in the chemical industry: Machine-to-machine electricity market". Applied Energy. 195: 234–246. doi:10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.03.039.
  11. ↑ Tian, Feng (2016). "An agri-food supply chain traceability system for China based on RFID blockchain technology". 2016 13th International Conference on Service Systems and Service Management (ICSSSM): 1–6. doi:10.1109/ICSSSM.2016.7538424. PMID 978-1-5090-2842-9 Check |pmid= value (help).
  12. ↑ Liang, X.; Zhao, J.; Shetty, S.; Liu, J.; Li, D. (October 2017). "Integrating blockchain for data sharing and collaboration in mobile healthcare applications". 2017 IEEE 28th Annual International Symposium on Personal, Indoor, and Mobile Radio Communications (PIMRC): 1–5. doi:10.1109/PIMRC.2017.8292361.
  13. ↑ Guo, Ye; Liang, Chen (9 December 2016). "Blockchain application and outlook in the banking industry". Financial Innovation. 2 (1): 24. doi:10.1186/s40854-016-0034-9. ISSN 2199-4730.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Lee, Jay; Bagheri, Behrad; Kao, Hung-An (January 2015). "A Cyber-Physical Systems architecture for Industry 4.0-based manufacturing systems". Manufacturing Letters. 3: 18–23. doi:10.1016/j.mfglet.2014.12.001.
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 15.4 15.5 Lee, Jay; Azamfar, Moslem; Singh, Jaskaran (April 2019). "A blockchain enabled Cyber-Physical System architecture for Industry 4.0 manufacturing systems". Manufacturing Letters. 20: 34–39. doi:10.1016/j.mfglet.2019.05.003.
  16. ↑ Afanasev, M. Y.; Fedosov, Y. V.; Krylova, A. A.; Shorokhov, S. A. (2018). "An application of blockchain and smart contracts for machine-to-machine communications in cyber-physical production systems". 2018 IEEE Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems (ICPS): 13–19. doi:10.1109/ICPHYS.2018.8387630.
  17. ↑ Lee, Jay; Bagheri, Behrad; Jin, Chao (April 2016). "Introduction to cyber manufacturing". Manufacturing Letters. 8: 11–15. doi:10.1016/j.mfglet.2016.05.002.
  18. ↑ Wu, Dazhong; Liu, Shaopeng; Zhang, Li; Terpenny, Janis; Gao, Robert X.; Kurfess, Thomas; Guzzo, Judith A. (1 April 2017). "A fog computing-based framework for process monitoring and prognosis in cyber-manufacturing". Journal of Manufacturing Systems. 43: 25–34. doi:10.1016/j.jmsy.2017.02.011. ISSN 0278-6125.
  19. ↑ Stanciu, A. (2017). "Blockchain Based Distributed Control System for Edge Computing". 2017 21st International Conference on Control Systems and Computer Science (CSCS): 667–671. doi:10.1109/CSCS.2017.102.
  20. ↑ ., Saveen A. Abeyratne (25 September 2016). "BLOCKCHAIN READY MANUFACTURING SUPPLY CHAIN USING DISTRIBUTED LEDGER". International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology. 05 (09): 1–10. doi:10.15623/ijret.2016.0509001.
  21. ↑ Afanasev, M. Y.; Fedosov, Y. V.; Krylova, A. A.; Shorokhov, S. A. (2018). "An application of blockchain and smart contracts for machine-to-machine communications in cyber-physical production systems". 2018 IEEE Industrial Cyber-Physical Systems (ICPS): 13–19. doi:10.1109/ICPHYS.2018.8387630.
  22. ↑ Zhang, Yu; Wen, Jiangtao (13 April 2016). "The IoT electric business model: Using blockchain technology for the internet of things". Peer-to-Peer Networking and Applications. 10 (4): 983–994. doi:10.1007/s12083-016-0456-1.
  23. ↑ Li, Zhi; Wang, W. M.; Liu, Guo; Liu, Layne; He, Jiadong; Huang, G. Q. (5 February 2018). "Toward open manufacturing". Industrial Management & Data Systems. doi:10.1108/IMDS-04-2017-0142. ISSN 0263-5577.


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