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International Eye Foundation

From EverybodyWiki Bios & Wiki


The International Eye Foundation (IEF) is a nonprofit organization dedicated to preventing blindness and restoring sight. Founded in 1961 by John Harry King Jr., MD and Thomas A. Dooley, MD as the International Eye Bank, IEF changed its focus from corneal transplantation to prevention of blinding diseases in 1965 and changed its name to the International Eye Foundation to ensure the delivery of eye care to underserved communities throughout the developing world.

In 1999, the organization evolved by reorienting its programming toward sustainability of eye hospitals in under-developed countries. SightReach® Management.[1], IEF’s flagship program, invests in and provides technical assistance to private, charity, and government eye hospitals to transform how they deliver eye care. The goal is to achieve a level of financial self-sufficiency and reduce dependence on donations, yet still be able to serve the poorest individuals in need of care.  IEF’s approach focuses on building local management capacity, quality services, financial resources, cost reduction, and creative pricing structures enabling revenue generating services that cross-subsidize services for the poor.

IEF continues to support onchocerciasis[2] (river blindness) control and neglected tropical disease programs in Cameroon[3]. Onchocerciasis control programs delivering community-based Mectizan®[4] were pioneered by IEF in 1990 in Guatemala and with Africare in Nigeria as soon as Mectizan® became available for human use by Merck and Company, Inc[5]. Additional programs were pioneered in Cameroon and Malawi[6] in 1992. Guatemala[7] was declared “onchocerciasis free” by the World Health Organization[8] in 2016[9].

 IEF is the Technical Advisor to the US Agency for International Development’s (USAID) Child Blindness Program (CBP) which provides grants to pediatric eye care programs around the world. Focusing on threats to eye health in children, IEF influences how grants are made in order to achieve quality and impact for USAID.

History[edit]

At the urging of missionary Dr. Tom Dooley[10], in Thailand in the late 1950’s, Dr. John Harry King, Jr.,[11] a corneal transplant pioneer, founded the International Eye Bank in 1961 under the arm of CARE/Medico[12]. After his distinguished military medical career including serving in the Pacific and European theaters in World War II[13], Dr. King retired as Chief of Ophthalmology at the Walter Reed Army Hospital[14] in Washington, DC. In retirement, he focused entirely on promoting corneal transplant surgery and urging Lions Clubs to build eye banks in the Washington, DC area.  In 1961-1962, IEF and the US National Eye Institute [15]supported Dr. David Paton[16] for one year at the St. John Eye Hospital in Jerusalem performing corneal grafts, training local eye surgeons, and ultimately attaining the formal support of His Majesty King Hussein of Jordan[17]. Dr. King soon realized however, that much of the blindness in the developing world was preventable and care could be provided before people became blind. He changed the organization’s name to the International Eye Foundation (IEF) in 1965 and focused the mission on the prevention of blindness and primary eye care. 

Short and long-term ophthalmologist volunteers were posted to countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America from the 1960s through the mid-1990’s.  Scholarships were given to foreign physicians to study ophthalmology in the US and Europe. In 1962, IEF with Dr. Guillermo Pico established the first Basic Science Course in Ophthalmology held in Spanish at the University of Puerto Rico[18] where young ophthalmologists from around Latin America receive intensive academic review prior to their board exams.

In the 1970’s, the late Dr. Moses Chirambo[19], the first Malawian ophthalmologist in his country, was given an IEF grant to help expand the national eye care service in that small southern African nation. From 1972-1976, Dr. Larry Schwab, now an IEF Board member, and Dr. Van Joffrion were posted with their families to Ethiopia to train ophthalmologists and build the national eye care service. Throughout the 1970’s, IEF facilitated an exchange program with the US Navy which exposed US Navy ophthalmology residents to the challenges of providing eye care in Africa and the Middle East, and provided fellowships for Ethiopian and Egyptian ophthalmologists to come to the US for training. Ophthalmologist and nurse training programs as well as vitamin A deficiency[20] control programs were conducted in Afghanistan[21], Pakistan[22], India[23], Bangladesh,[24] and Indonesia.[25]

The United States Agency for International Development (USAID)[26] supported IEF’s Kenya Rural Blindness Prevention Project[27] from 1976-1984 which became a model for East Africa. Three US ophthalmologists were posted to Kenya[28] with their families to work with the project. Dr. Randolph Whitfield[29], Dr. Larry Schwab, and Dr. Paul Steinkuller served as Ministry of Health (MOH) Provincial Eye Surgeons in Kenya’s Central and Rift Valley Provinces. Victoria Sheffield was posted at the Director of Training, and Dennis Ross-Degnan followed by Dr. F. M. Mburu were posted as the project’s epidemiologists. Notably, nine major blindness prevalence surveys were conducted over the eight years, training of ophthalmologists and Ophthalmic Clinical Officers was expanded, and countless general physicians, nurses, and village health workers were trained in primary eye care.  

In the 1980’s, IEF posted ophthalmologists to Caribbean island nations where eye care was only provided by doctors who flew in for a day or two once a month. In 1980, IEF established Malawi’s Ophthalmic Medical Assistants Training Program in collaboration with the Ministry of Health; and posted US ophthalmologists for 3-4 years at the Queen Elizabeth Central Hospital in Blantyre over a 15-year period until 1995 until a Malawian ophthalmologist could be trained and assigned there. In 1985, the World Health Organization (WHO) awarded IEF “official relations” status, the first international eye care NGO to be recognized in this way, and began aligning programs with WHO priorities. In 1987, IEF launched the Ethiopia Ophthalmic Manpower Development Program in collaboration with the Ministry of Health and set up the first Ophthalmic Assistants Training Program at the Menelik Hospital in Addis Ababa,[30] the capital of Ethiopia.[31] At the same time, USAID awarded child survival grants to IEF in Africa and Latin America that focused on nutrition education and reducing blindness from vitamin A deficiency. The availability of Mectizan® by Merck & Company allowed IEF to pioneer the first community-based ivermectin[32] (Mectizan®) distribution programs in Guatemala, and in collaboration with Africare in Nigeria[33] in 1990, followed by Cameroon and Malawi in 1992 to fight onchocerciasis.

In the 1990’s, we saw a changed world after the Berlin Wall fell and one of the first USAID grants for Eastern Europe was awarded to IEF to implement public health eye care programs in Bulgaria[34] and Albania[35]. While ophthalmologists were well educated in Central and Eastern Europe, they lacked modern technology under the old system. Programs focused on building an outreach program to under-served populations; providing training and technology, especially for vitreo-retinal surgery[36], and Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP)[37] to save the sight of premature infants. Recognizing the need for public health strategies, IEF in collaboration with Dr. Sheila West and Dr. Richard Grieser at the Dana Center for Preventive Ophthalmology (now the Bloomberg School of Public Health[38]) at Johns Hopkins University, conducted the first random sample epidemiological blindness prevalence survey in Bulgaria called “The Sofia Eye Study” with Prof. Petja Vassileva, IEF’s Country Director and her team. Data was published and used by WHO to extrapolate blindness rates throughout the former Communist region. 

In the late 1990’s, IEF determined that eye hospitals in developing countries were still under-performing, and lacked management capacity and revenue sources. At the urging of David Green[39], MPH, the leading social entrepreneur in eye care, IEF established its SightReach® Management program reorienting its mission to sustainability programming for eye care institutions. This included developing a model utilized in India that can be adapted by eye units in other regions of the world. Focusing on reducing blindness from un-operated cataracts which is responsible for half the world’s blindness and addressing uncorrected refractive error, IEF’s technical assistance and investments improve efficiency, productivity and revenue generating services. IEF is now a global leader in sustainability programming for eye care.   

Recognizing the need for modern ophthalmic instruments, equipment and supplies in the developing world, traditionally a small market for manufacturers, IEF established the SightReach Surgical® (SRS) program in 1999, the first non-profit platform to address affordability and lack of access to new ophthalmic equipment, instruments, and supplies by eye care providers and NGOs in developing countries. SRS makes available a wide range of ophthalmic products from manufacturers worldwide to eye care providers and international NGOs reducing the cost of technology and providing valuable procurement and advisory services.

IEF pioneered community-based Mectizan® distribution to fight onchocerciasis in Nigeria in collaboration with Africare, and Guatemala in 1990; and in Cameroon and Malawi in 1992. IEF continues to support onchocerciasis control programs in Adamaoua[40] and South Regions of Cameroon and by 2017, over one million people received their sight-saving dose of Mectizan bringing a cumulative total of over 10 million treatments over the past two decades. The program began small treating approximately 6,000 people in the early years. Villages were added each year and until now, over one million people are treated annually. In 2014, with support from Helen Keller International[41] (HKI), IEF distributes anti-parasitic medicines to combat other worm infections. Dedicated local staff coordinate these treatment campaigns, each year training thousands of Community Directed Distributors. Gratitude goes to Merck and Company for its donation of the drug Mectizan and the collaborative support from the African Programme for Onchocerciasis Control through 2016, the Lions SightFirst Program, Helen Keller International, and the Cameroon National Onchocerciasis Control Programme.

In Guatemala, IEF’s onchocerciasis control program was established in Yepocapa[42] near the Mexican border in 1990.  After three years, it was subsumed into the larger Onchocerciasis Control Program for the Americas (OEPA). In 2016, Guatemala was declared the fourth country in the world to eliminate river blindness. IEF is proud to have been instrumental in the early effort to control and eliminate river blindness from onchocerciasis and are proud to see the disease eliminated in Guatemala in our lifetime. 

According to the World Health Organization, there are 1.26 million[43] blind children in the world today. Of these, 75% live in developing countries. Another 19 million are severely visually impaired of which 12 million need eyeglasses. From 2013-2018, IEF is serving as the Technical Advisory Group to the USAID Child Blindness Program which has provided critical funding for child eye care programs around the world. Having pioneered the grants program from 1995-2000 (Seeing 2000) with a large grant from USAID, IEF is privileged to now influence the direction of this innovative program to bring eye care to vulnerable children in the developing world.

Key Achievements (by decade)[edit]

1960’s:  Direct Service

  • 1961: Dr. John Harry King, Jr., corneal transplant pioneer and ophthalmologist to the President of the United States, founds the International Eye Bank in collaboration with missionary Dr. Tom Dooley, under the auspices of CARE/Medico.
  • 1965: International Eye Bank changed its name to the International Eye Foundation and incorporated in 1969 after assuming a leadership role in public health ophthalmology.
  • Provided short and long-term volunteer ophthalmologists to train and develop fledgling eye care services in newly independent developing countries in Africa, Asia, Latin America/Caribbean and the Middle East.
  • 1968: Supported the establishment of the first Basic Science Course in Ophthalmology in Spanish at the University of Puerto Rico in collaboration with Dr. Guillermo Pico.
  • 1969: Society of Eye Surgeons established as IEF’s medical support arm.
  • Closed the decade having shipped 6,000 corneas from virtually every eye bank in the United States to 55 countries, and assisted in the establishment of 29 eye banks in 26 countries.

 1970's:  Training Program and Systems Development

  • 1971-1984:  when there were very few international ophthalmology meetings held globally, IEF’s Society of Eye Surgeons held global congresses in:
  • 1971:   I World Congress, Washington, DC, USA
  • 1973:  II World Congress, Athens, Greece
  • 1975: III World Congress, San Salvador, El Salvador
  • 1980: IV World Congress, Nairobi, Kenya
  • 1984:  V World Congress, Cairo, Egypt
  • Programs established to train ophthalmologists and allied ophthalmic personnel within developing countries: Barbados, Dominican Republic, Egypt, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Ghana, Haiti, Honduras, Ivory Coast, Jordan, Kenya, Malawi, Puerto Rico, St Lucia, Philippines, and Zimbabwe.
  • Scholarships provided to foreign doctors to study ophthalmology in the US and Europe.
  • Ophthalmic nurse training programs established by Kathe Burkhardt, COT in Bangladesh and Indonesia.
  • IEF-US Navy exchange program establish to expose US Navy ophthalmology residents to the challenges of providing eye care in Africa and the Middle East, and provided fellowships for Ethiopian and Egyptian ophthalmologists to come to the US for training. Program directors: Dr. Lawrence M. King, Dr. John Sutphin, and Dr. Howard P. Cupples.
  • Dr. James B. Sprague and colleagues conducted Vitamin A deficiency control programs in Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh and Indonesia.
  • Peace Corps volunteers trained on vitamin A deficiency prior to assignments overseas.
  • 1976-1984:  established the USAID-funded “Kenya Rural Blindness Prevention Project”, considered a model for governments to use when improving eye care services for rural communities in Africa. The project included conducting blindness prevalence surveys of the nine major tribes in Kenya. The project conducted 5 of 9 blindness prevalence surveys of 9 major tribes in Kenya.
  • Designed and field tested the iconic “Red Eye Chart” taken up by WHO in the 1980’s and published in 13 different languages.
  • Held a series of six WHO/IEF Collaborative Regional Meetings throughout Africa to plan and develop blindness prevention programs.
  • 1977:  Vitamin A Program with international experts conducted jointly at IEF Headquarters in Bethesda, Maryland and The Nutrition Rehabilitation Institute in Madurai, South India, funded by USAID.
  • 1978:  at the founding meeting of the International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness ((IAPB), Oxford, UK, IEF founder Dr. John Harry King, Jr. is appointed as “alternate” to Group F, “Members ‘at large’ elected in recognition of the individual contribution which they can make to the work of the Agency”.  IEF has participated in every quadrennial IAPB general assembly since 1978.
  • 1979: the “New Jordan Eye Bank” is established at the Jordan University Hospital in Amman and officially opened by the late King Hussein and Queen Noor. The IEF team with Jordanian colleagues performed 30 corneal transplants in the first week. IEF Team: Dr. Michael A. Lemp, Dr. Richard K. Forster, Nicole Todaro, COT, and Victoria M. Sheffield, COMT. 

1980's:  National Services Expanded and alignment with WHO

  •  Assisted Health Ministries to expand national eye care services in Africa, Asia and Latin America.
  • Trachoma control programs established in multiple countries in Africa and the Middle East.
  • US ophthalmologists posted to Caribbean and Central American nations since the 1970’s for one year:  Dr. May Khadem, Dr. J.P. Dailey, Dr. Baxter McLendon, Dr. Elliot McGuire, Dr. John Distler, Dr. Stephen Pappas, Dr. Brad Shingleton.
  • 1980: Ophthalmic Assistant Training Program established in Malawi.
  • 1980:  First technical assistance mission to Guinea Conakry, West Africa resulting in the posting of a French ophthalmologist, Dr. Jean-Paul Heldt, by IEF to help the only local ophthalmologist to develop the national eye care service.
  • 1985: IEF is the first eye care NGO to be awarded “official relations” status with the World Health Organization.
  • 1986: IEF founder Dr. John Harry King, Jr. passes away and was buried with full military honors at Arlington National Cemetery.
  • 1986:  IEF establishes the first USAID-funded Vitamin A/child survival programs in Malawi.
  • 1987: IEF launches the Ethiopia Ophthalmic Manpower Development Program in collaboration with the Ministry of Health which includes a training program for Ophthalmic Medical Assistants.
  • 1987: Glaucoma survey of 3,000 people conducted on the island nation of St. Lucia in collaboration with Howard University in Washington, DC and supported by USAID.
  • 1987: first edition of “Primary Eye Care in Developing Countries” by Dr. Larry Schwab is published by Oxford University Press. Dr. Schwab lived and worked in Ethiopia, Kenya, Malawi and Zimbabwe with his family from 1972 to 1989.

 1990's:  IEF Develops SightReach® and programs in Eastern Europe

  • Vitamin A Deficiency/Child Survival program established in Bolivia and Guatemala and extended in Malawi.
  • 1990: IEF pioneers community-based Mectizan® distribution programs to fight onchocerciasis (river blindness) in Guatemala, and with Africare in Nigeria.
  • 1990-1995: develops an innovative USAID-funded program known as SightReach® to recently graduated ophthalmologists in Central America to establish eye clinics in underserved urban and rural areas (El Salvador, Guatemala, and Honduras).
  • SightReach® supports 21 young ophthalmologists to establish eye clinics in underserved rural and urban areas of Central America.
  • 1991: IEF is the first US NGO to receive one of the first USAID grants for Eastern Europe and establishes blindness prevention programs in Albania and Bulgaria.
  • 1991-1992: Conducted the “Sofia Eye Study”, a random sample blindness prevalence survey in Bulgaria in collaboration with Prof. Sheila West and Dr. Richard Geiser, the results of which were published in ophthalmology journals and presented at ARVO. Data from this study were extrapolated by WHO for other formerly communist countries in the region.
  • 1992: IEF establishes the “International Eye Bank Sofia” in collaboration with the International Federation of Eye Banks, now Kerlink in Baltimore, Maryland, USA.
  • 1992: IEF pioneers community-based Mectizan® distribution programs in Cameroon and Malawi.
  • 1993-1998: IEF’s President & CEO, Victoria Sheffield, chairs the WHO/IAPB “Partnership Committee of International Non-Governmental Organizations Dedicated to the Prevention of Blindness and Education and Rehabilitation of the Blind” which was reconstituted by IAPB in 2004 as the “Council of Members”. The Partnership Committee grew from 15 to 68 NGO members and observer organizations during the six years of her chairmanship.
  • 1995-2000: IEF’s pioneers the small grants program for USAID with its "Seeing 2000" program which provided 26 grants to 23 pediatric eye units in 15 countries worldwide to improve and expand eye care for children.
  • 1996, June 12: at the urging of Dr. Larry Schwab, IEF Senior Medical Director who is a leading advocate in the global campaign to ban anti-personnel landmines, IEF resolved to support the “International Ban on the Development, Production and Deployment of Land Mines”.
  • 1999: IEF co-sponsors the WHO/IAPB Scientific Meeting titled “Preventing blindness in children” held 13-17 April 1999 at the LV Prasad Eye Institute in Hyderabad, India. Report:  WHO/PBL/00.77.
  • 1999: IEF’s SightReach® Program evolves into three specific program areas:
  • SightReach® Public Health Programs
  • Programs target the four diseases responsible for 80% of the world’s blindness – cataract, trachoma, onchocerciasis, childhood blindness.
  • SightReach® Management
  • Increases efficiency and quality of eye care services by enhancing financial sustainability and improving management capabilities of local ophthalmologists, eye care providers, and eye care institutions.
  • SightReach Surgical®
  • Social enterprise established to reduce the barrier of cost by providing high quality ophthalmic medical and surgical instruments, equipment, and supplies at the lowest possible prices to ophthalmologists and hospitals in developing countries in order to bring down the cost of eye care and surgery while maintaining an orientation to the poor – www.sightreachsurgical.com

2000’s: Expanding SightReach® Management partners

  • USAID grant support flagship program to support 7 eye hospitals in Malawi, Egypt, India, Guatemala, Honduras, and El Salvador.
  • 2008: SightReach® Management partner Visualiza in Guatemala becomes an IEF mentor assisting IEF with new mentee hospitals in the Latin America region.
  • 2009: IEF is a founding member of VISION2020/USA, part of the IAPB’s VISION2020: The Right to Sight initiative. IEF’s President & CEO, Victoria Sheffield is founding Vice Chair.
  • SightReach® Management closes the decade having assisted 24 eye hospitals in 15 countries to improve quality and increase services. 

2010’s: Expanding SightReach® Management partners

  • 2011: On the occasion of IEF’s 50th anniversary, the Honorable Chris Van Hollen, then Congressman and now Senator from the state of Maryland, entered a citation in the United States Congressional Record “Honoring the International Eye Foundation”, Monday, May 2, 2011, pgs. E777-E778.
  • 2012: SightReach® Management partner Clinica Divino Nino Jesus (DNJ) in Lima, Peru becomes an IEF mentor in the Latin America region.
  • 2013: Assists the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) to improve efficiency and quality of services at government eye units in 5 countries in Latin America.
  • 2013-2018: IEF is the Technical Advisory Group to the USAID Child Blindness Program.
  • 2013: IEF President & CEO, Victoria Sheffield, is elected Vice Chair of the Advisory Board for the newly formed International Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus Council (IPOSC).
  • 2016: SightReach® Management partner, the Rotary Eye Hospital in Palampur, Himachal Pradesh State, India becomes an IEF mentor in India.
  • 2016: Guatemala declared “onchocerciasis free” by the World Health Organization.
  • 2016: IEF receives the “Collaboration Award” at the IAPB 10th General Assembly, October 2016 in Durban, South Africa.
  • IEF’s President & CEO, Victoria Sheffield, elected Vice President of IAPB 2016-2020.
  • 2017: IAPB Vice President, Victoria Sheffield, signs Memorandum of Understanding with Rotary International Secretary General John Hewko, for a service partnership bringing together IAPB member agencies with Rotary Clubs to build joint projects supporting eye hospitals in developing countries.
  • 2017: SightReach® Management network includes 55 eye hospitals in 22 countries.

Awards and Citations[edit]

  • 1962: IEF recognized for its advocacy toward the passing of Public Law 87-656 by the 87th Congress, S.2321, September 7, 1962. “An Act: To encourage and aid the development of reconstructive medicine and surgery and the development of micro-surgical research by authorizing the licensing of tissue banks in the District of Columbia, by facilitating antemortem and post-mortem donations of human tissue for tissue bank purposes, and for other purposes.”  Known as the “District of Columbia Tissue Bank Act”.
  • 1963: Dr. John Harry King, Jr. receives the Citation of Award in Recognition of Distinguished Service Rendered to Eye Banks, May 1963.
  • 1964 & 1965: Dr. John Harry King, Jr. receives a Certificate of Award from the American Academy of Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology (AAOO) for distinguished services.
  • 1958: Dr. John Harry King, Jr. receives the award for best scientific presentation from the American Ophthalmological Society.
  • 1968: Dr. John Harry King, Jr. receives the Gradle Medal for Teaching from the Pan American Association of Ophthalmology (PAAO).
  • 1970s: Dr. John Harry King, Jr. is made an Honorary Member of the Ophthalmological Societies of the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Egypt, Guatemala, Peru, and Turkey.
  • 1971: IEF receives a commendation from the Department of State Agency for International Development.
  • 1975: IEF recognized as a “private voluntary organization” by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID).
  • 1985: IEF accepted into “official relations” with the World Health Organization (WHO).
  • 1990: Victoria Sheffield receives the “Statesmanship Award” to a Non-Commissioner, Joint Commission on Allied Health Personnel in Ophthalmology (JCAHPO).
  • 1997: Victoria Sheffield made an Honorary Member, Albanian Ophthalmology Society.
  • 1997: Victoria Sheffield presents the Pangilinan Lecturer, West Virginia University.
  • 1998: Victoria Sheffield receives a “Human Rights Award” from the United Nations Association/National Capital Area on the 50th anniversary of the "Universal Declaration of Human Rights".
  • 1999: Victoria Sheffield receives an “Achievement Award” from the American Academy of Ophthalmology (AAO).
  • 2001: John Barrows receives a “Human Rights Award” from the United Nations Association/National Capital Area.
  • 2005: Victoria Sheffield is made an Honorary Member, Union of Bulgarian Ophthalmologists.
  • 2008: Victoria Sheffield receives a “North America Regional Achievement Award” from the International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness (IAPB) at its 8th General Assembly in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
  • 2010: Victoria Sheffield receives the “Prince Abdulaziz Ahmad Al Saud Prevention of Blindness Award” from the Middle East Africa Council of Ophthalmology at its joint meeting with the AAO in Chicago.
  • 2011: On the occasion of IEF’s 50th anniversary
    •  March 1, 2011: Citation from the Honorable Martin O’Malley, Governor of the State of Maryland.
    • April 8, 2011: Citation from the Honorable Benjamin L. Cardin, US Senator from the State of Maryland.
    • May 2, 2011: Citation “Honoring the International Eye Foundation” on its 50th anniversary is published in the United States Congressional Record by the Honorable Chris Van Hollen, then Congressman and now Senator from the state of Maryland, pgs. E777-E778.
  • 2012: John Barrows receives a “North America Regional Achievement Award” from the IAPB at its 9th General Assembly in Hyderabad, India.
  • 2013: Victoria Sheffield receives a ‘Secretariat Award’ for her service to the Global Education & Outreach Committee from the AAO.
  • 2014: Raheem Rahmathullah receives an “Eye Health Leader Award” from the IAPB at its Council of Members meeting, Paris, France.
  • 2014: Victoria Sheffield receives a “Senior Achievement Award’ from the AAO.
  • 2016: IEF receives the “Collaboration Award” from IAPB at its 10th General Assembly, Durban, South Africa.

Where We Work[edit]

Africa:

  • Cameroon – onchocerciasis and neglected tropical disease control in Adamaoua and South Provinces.
  • Malawi
  • Zambia

Asia:

  • India – multiple partners

 Latin America:

  • Guatemala
  • Haiti – multiple partners
  • Honduras
  • Jamaica – multiple partners
  • Mexico – multiple partners
  • Nicaragua
  • Panama
  • Paraguay
  • Peru – multiple partners

 Middle East:

  • Egypt

Publications[edit]

Prevention of Blindness[edit]

  • Barrows J, Baerveldt C. “Improving Eye Care in: Strengthening through Collaboration” IAPB Newsletter, January 2000, No. 25
  • Courtright P, Metcalfe N, Hoechsmann A, Chirambo M, Lewallen S, Barrows J. “Cataract surgical coverage and outcome of cataract surgery in a rural district in ,” Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology 2004; 39:25-30.[44]
  • Courtright P, Hoeshcmann A, Metcalfe N, Chirambo M, Noertjojo K, Barrows J, Katz J. Changes in blindness prevalence over 16 years in : reduced prevalence but increased numbers of blind.  British Journal of Ophthalmology 2003;87:1079-1082[45]
  • Hoechsmann A, Metcalf N, Kangaloti S, Godia H, Mtambo O, Chipeta T, Barrows J, Witte C, Courtright P. “Reduction of Trachoma in the Absence of Antibiotic Treatment: Evidence from a population-based study in Malawi,”Ophthalmic Epidemiology 2001, Vol.8, No.2-3[46]
  • K. Kalua, F Masiye, V Jumbe, J Barrows, V Sheffield. Finding community solutions to improve access and acceptance of cataract surgery, optical correction and follow up in children in Malawi. March 15, 2013, Vol.5, No.10, 1533-1540 (2013) https://dx.doi.org/10.4236/health.2013.510208[47]
  • Rahmathullah R, Barrows J, Sheffield V, “Making refractive error services sustainable: The International Eye Foundation model”, Community Eye Health, ICEH. Issue 63 (2007, September): 45-46[48]
  • Rahmathullah R, Barrows J and Sheffield V, “Transforming Eye Clinics and Hospitals to Sustainability - The International Eye Foundation's Social Enterprise Model”; European Ophthalmic Review, Volume 2 (2008): 8-11[49]
  • Sheffield, V, Barrows J, Rahmathullah R. “Sustainable eye programs.” Eye Care in Developing Nations. Fourth ed. Schwab L. Manson Publishing LTD, 207: 47-52.

 Nutrition and Vitamin A[edit]

  • Barrows J, Brown J. (1993). The experience of IEF in the use of de-worming in Alta Verapaz, INMED 1993 (Presentation)
  • Barrows J, Courtright P, Chapel H. (1993). Vitamin A supplementation in: Mothers knowledge, delivery strategies and missed opportunities. XV IVACG Meeting 1993 (Abstracts)
  • Berger R, Courtright P, Barrows J. Vitamin A capsule supplementation in villages: missed opportunities and possible interventions. Am J Public Health, 995;85:718-719. (Presentation)
  • Emenhiser C, Watkins R, Simunovic N, Solomons N, Bulux J, Barrows J, Schwartz S.  Packaging Preservation of Beta Carotene in Sweet Potato Flakes using Flexible Film and an Oxygen Absorber. Journal of Food Quality, 22 (1999) 63-73.[50]     
  • Lopez CY, Calderon O, Schwartz S, Quan J, Portocarrero L, Soto LM, Esquite A, Mendoza I, Bulux J, Solomons NW, Barrows J. (1993). Production, vitamin A content, and consumer acceptability of an instantized sweet potato product prepared in the form of a gruel beverage of puree paste: Experience in XV IVACG Meeting 1993 (Abstracts)
  • Heldt VP, V, Schwab L, Barrows J. (1991). Management concepts and issues for the prevention of blindness through effective planning and evaluation of community-based vitamin A programs in developing countries. XIV IVACG Meeting 1991 (Abstracts)
  • O’Donnell G, Sheffield V, Barrows J, Abastaflor W, Morales M, Solomons N. Characteristics of Human Ecological, Child Caring Practices and Nutritional Status of Children 0-60 months and their mothers in a lowland Bolivian Community. Ecology of Food and Nutrition, 43:463-495, 2004.[51] 

References[edit]

  1. ↑ "SRS". www.iefusa.org. Retrieved 2017-11-29.
  2. ↑ "Onchocerciasis". Wikipedia. 2017-11-05.
  3. ↑ "Cameroon". Wikipedia. 2017-11-17.
  4. ↑ "International Eye Foundation | Mectizan Donation Program". www.mectizan.org. Retrieved 2017-11-30.
  5. ↑ "Welcome to Merck". merck.com. Retrieved 2017-11-30.
  6. ↑ "Malawi". Wikipedia. 2017-11-28.
  7. ↑ "Guatemala". Wikipedia. 2017-11-28.
  8. ↑ "World Health Organization". Wikipedia. 2017-11-24.
  9. ↑ PAHO/WHO. "Guatemala is the fourth country in the world to eliminate onchocerciasis, known as 'river blindness' | PAHO WHO". Pan American Health Organization / World Health Organization. Retrieved 2017-11-30.
  10. ↑ "Thomas Anthony Dooley III". Wikipedia. 2017-11-28.
  11. ↑ "John Harry King - International Eye Foundation". International Eye Foundation. Retrieved 2017-11-29.
  12. ↑ "Care Medico". caremedico.com. Retrieved 2017-11-30.
  13. ↑ "World War II". Wikipedia. 2017-11-30.
  14. ↑ "Walter Reed Army Medical Center". Wikipedia. 2017-10-17.
  15. ↑ "National Eye Institute". Wikipedia. 2017-07-24.
  16. ↑ "David Paton (ophthalmologist)". Wikipedia. 2017-04-13.
  17. ↑ "Hussein of Jordan". Wikipedia. 2017-11-29.
  18. ↑ "University of Puerto Rico". Wikipedia. 2017-11-14.
  19. ↑ "International Council of Ophthalmology : News : Remembering Moses Chirambo, Malawi Ophthalmologist & Minister Of Health". www.icoph.org. Retrieved 2017-11-30.
  20. ↑ "Vitamin A deficiency". Wikipedia. 2017-11-30.
  21. ↑ "Afghanistan". Wikipedia. 2017-11-30.
  22. ↑ "Pakistan". Wikipedia. 2017-11-29.
  23. ↑ "India". Wikipedia. 2017-11-27.
  24. ↑ "Bangladesh". Wikipedia. 2017-11-26.
  25. ↑ "Indonesia". Wikipedia. 2017-11-29.
  26. ↑ "United States Agency for International Development". Wikipedia. 2017-11-20.
  27. ↑ Arbuckle, R. D. (1983). "The International Eye Foundation/Kenya Rural Blindness Prevention Project". Social Science & Medicine (1982). 17 (22): 1789–1792. ISSN 0277-9536. PMID 6648600.
  28. ↑ "Kenya". Wikipedia. 2017-11-29.
  29. ↑ "Randolph Whitfield Jr". Wikipedia. 2017-11-03.
  30. ↑ "Addis Ababa". Wikipedia. 2017-11-25.
  31. ↑ "Ethiopia". Wikipedia. 2017-11-29.
  32. ↑ "Ivermectin". Wikipedia. 2017-11-19.
  33. ↑ "Nigeria". Wikipedia. 2017-11-29.
  34. ↑ "Bulgaria". Wikipedia. 2017-11-28.
  35. ↑ "Albania". Wikipedia. 2017-11-30.
  36. ↑ "Eye surgery". Wikipedia. 2017-08-31.
  37. ↑ "Retinopathy of prematurity". Wikipedia. 2017-10-23.
  38. ↑ "Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health". Wikipedia. 2017-11-29.
  39. ↑ "David Green (social entrepreneur)". Wikipedia. 2017-09-07.
  40. ↑ "Adamawa Region". Wikipedia. 2017-11-13.
  41. ↑ "Helen Keller International". Wikipedia. 2017-11-05.
  42. ↑ "Yepocapa". Wikipedia. 2017-06-19.
  43. ↑ Chandna, Arvind; Gilbert, Clare (2010-3). "When your eye patient is a child". Community Eye Health. 23 (72): 1–3. ISSN 0953-6833. PMC 2873665. PMID 20523854. Check date values in: |date= (help)
  44. ↑ Courtright, Paul; Metcalfe, Nick; Hoechsmann, Alex; Chirambo, Moses; Lewallen, Susan; Barrows, John; Witte, Christine (2004-02-01). "Cataract surgical coverage and outcome of cataract surgery in a rural district in Malawi". Canadian Journal of Ophthalmology / Journal Canadien d'Ophtalmologie. 39 (1): 25–30. doi:10.1016/S0008-4182(04)80049-8.
  45. ↑ Courtright, P.; Hoeshcmann, A.; Metcalfe, N.; Chirambo, M.; Noertjojo, K.; Barrows, J.; Katz, J. (2003-09-01). "Changes in blindness prevalence over 16 years in Malawi: reduced prevalence but increased numbers of blind". British Journal of Ophthalmology. 87 (9): 1079–1082. doi:10.1136/bjo.87.9.1079. ISSN 0007-1161. PMID 12928269.
  46. ↑ Hoechsmann, Alex; Metcalfe, Nick; Kanjaloti, Steve; Godia, Henry; Mtambo, Olga; Chipeta, Towera; Barrows, John; Witte, Christine; Courtright, Paul (2001-01-01). "Reduction of trachoma in the absence of antibiotic treatment: Evidence from a population-based survey in Malawi". Ophthalmic Epidemiology. 8 (2–3): 145–153. doi:10.1076/opep.8.2.145.4169. ISSN 0928-6586.
  47. ↑ Kalua, Khumbo; Masiye, Francis; Jumbe, Vincent; Barrows, John; Sheffield, Victoria (2013-09-29). "Finding community solutions to improve access and acceptance of cataract surgery, optical correction and follow up in children in Malawi". Health. 05 (10): 1533. doi:10.4236/health.2013.510208.
  48. ↑ "Community Eye Health Journal » Making refractive error services sustainable: the International Eye Foundation model". www.cehjournal.org. Retrieved 2017-11-30.
  49. ↑ "Transforming Eye Clinics and Hospitals to Sustainability – The International Eye Foundation's Social Enterprise Model | touchOPHTHALMOLOGY | Leading the Debate on the Advances in Healthcare". www.touchophthalmology.com. Retrieved 2017-11-30.
  50. ↑ C., Emenhiser,; R.H., Watkins,; N., Simunovic,; N., Solomons,; J., Bulux,; J., Barrows,; S.J., Schwartz, (1999). "Packaging preservation of beta-carotene in sweet potato flakes using flexible film and an oxygen absorber". Journal of food quality. ISSN 0146-9428.
  51. ↑ O’DONNELL, GWEN; SHEFFIELD, VICTORIA; BARROWS, JOHN; ABSASTAFLOR, WIDEN; MORALES, MABEL; SOLOMONS, NOEL W. (2004-11-01). "Characteristics of Human Ecological, Child Caring Practices and Nutritional Status of Children 0–60 Months and Their Mothers in a Lowland Bolivian Community". Ecology of Food and Nutrition. 43 (6): 463–495. doi:10.1080/03670240490888713. ISSN 0367-0244.


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