Italo-Romance languages
| Italo-Romance | |
|---|---|
| Geographic distribution | Italy |
| Linguistic classification | Indo-European
|
| File:Italic languages.jpg Italo-Romance varieties distribution in Italy | |
The Italo-Romance languages – or Italo-Romance dialects, in a sociolinguistic sense.;[1] – are a linguistic group made up of Romance dialects that coexist with Italian as standard language.[2][3]
These are often described as sister languages of Italian,[4] for being primary Romance dialects, i.e. independent varieties, coeval with the Italian language, which developed autonomously from Latin.[1][3][5]
They must therefore be distinguished from Regional Italians the local varieties of the Italian language from which they derive, which constitute secondary Romance dialects.[1][5]
This classification has been criticised, since it relies exclusively on cultural and sociolinguistic criteria, with the Italian language as the only point of reference.[6]
Classification
In the classification proposed by Giovan Battista Pellegrini,[7][8][9][10] the Italo-Romance idioms would be made up of those «varieties of the Peninsula and the Islands which have long since chosen Italian as their guiding language».[11]
According to the classification of dialects spoken in Italy proposed by Pellegrini, as also reported by Carla Marcato,[12] the Italo-Romance dialects would be:
- the dialects of the "Cisalpine system", consisting of:[13]
- Friulian;[14]
- Tuscan;[15]
- "Central-Southern Italian dialects",[16] subdivided in turn into:
- Sardinian[18]
According to some authors, within the Italo-Romance linguistic space it would still be possible to distinguish three different concentric levels of belonging:[19]
- dialects directly related to the "language for Italian elaboration" (e.g. Florentine, Sienese, Romanesco, etc.);
- the other "homo-ethnic" dialects (eg Piedmontese, Neapolitan, Sicilian, etc.);
- the "peri-Italian" languages, including some of the "hetero-ethnic" dialects widespread in the area (eg Sardinian, Friulian, Dolomite Ladin, etc.).
In the classification proposed by Glottolog, the Italo-Romance idioms would instead be a specific branch of the Italo-Dalmatian languages, represented by the following dialects:[20]
- mainland Southern Italian group;
- Italian group;
- Sicilian group.
Criticisms
Some linguists position themselves critically with respect to Pellegrini's systematic grouping, since it would go "against the majority criteria for classifying languages" by excluding the structure of the idiom (morphology, phonetics, syntax, lexicon) from the primary classification criteria and relying exclusively on cultural and sociolinguistic criteria, with the Italian language as the only point of reference.[6]
In the linguistics textbooks adopted by the major Italian universities, Friulian, Ladin and Sardinian are not usually included in the Italo-Romance group, since their individuality and autonomy having been internationally recognized for some time now in the context of the Romance languages.[21][22][23]
Gerhard Rohlfs does not equally agree with Pellegrini in considering Ladin, Friulian and Sardinian as languages belonging to the Italo-Romance group: for Rohlfs, Ladin, Friulian and Sardinian possess a structural and historical individuality and assume an autonomous position in the ambit of the Romance languages. In the preface written to the Italian language edition of his Historical grammar of the Italian language and its dialects (1969), in note n.1, he writes in fact: «Sardinia remains outside the framework of this grammar, as well as the dialects of the Friuli and the Dolomites, belonging to the Ladin group. Likewise, the Provençal and Franco-Provençal dialects of western Piedmont have not been treated».
Of the same opinion is Tullio De Mauro who, called by the Italian Parliament in 1973 to prepare a report of the ethnic-linguistic communities to be considered "linguistic minorities", includes (reporting this inclusion in writing) Ladin, Friulian and Sardinian among the thirteen linguistic minorities to be select;[24] this report is deposited in the archive of the Italian Parliament and available to the public.
According to the Italian linguist, Graziadio Isaia Ascoli, Dolomite Ladin, Friulian and Sardinian are «autonomous linguistic varieties»; Ascoli recognized them as "an idiomatic greatness in their own right" and therefore considered them "divergent from the real Italian system" and "not peculiar to Italy".[6]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Varietà entry Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist. in the Enciclopedia italiana
- ↑ Pellegrini, Giovanni Battista (1977). Carta dei dialetti d'Italia, Pisa, Pacini, p.17: «parlate della Penisola e delle Isole che hanno scelto già da tempo, come lingua guida l'italiano».
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Dialetti entry Script error: The function "in_lang" does not exist. in the Enciclopedia italiana
- ↑ Michele Loporcaro (2013). "12. L'Italia dialettale". Manuale di linguistica italiana. Sergio Lubello. pp. 275–300. doi:10.1515/9783110360851-014. ISBN 9783110360851.
Il presente capitolo tratteggia la distribuzione areale e, a grandi linee, le principali caratteristiche strutturali dei dialetti italo-romanzi. Questi fanno parte del più ampio dominio romanzo e vanno considerati a tutti gli effetti – sul piano linguistico – come lingue sorelle delle altre varietà neolatine cui ha arriso maggior fortuna in termini socio-politico-culturali, a cominciare dall’italiano standard su base fiorentina.
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- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Michele Loporcaro (2009). Profilo linguistico dei dialetti italiani. Laterza.
I dialetti italiani sono dunque varietà italo-romanze indipendenti o, in altre parole, dialetti romanzi primari, categoria che si oppone a quella di dialetti secondari. Sono dialetti primari dell’italiano quelle varietà che con esso stanno in rapporto di subordinazione sociolinguistica e condividono con esso una medesima origine (latina). Dialetti secondari di una data lingua si dicono invece quei dialetti insorti dalla differenziazione geografica di tale lingua anziché di una lingua madre comune.
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- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 "I dialetti parlati in Italia" (PDF).
- ↑ Pellegrini, Giovanni Battista (1970). La classificazione delle lingue romanze e i dialetti italiani, in Forum Italicum, IV, pp.211-237
- ↑ Pellegrini, Giovanni Battista (1972). Saggi sul ladino dolomitico e sul friulano, Bari, pp.239-268
- ↑ Pellegrini, Giovanni Battista (1975). I cinque sistemi dell'italo-romanzo, in Saggi di linguistica italiana. Storia, struttura, società, Torino, Boringhieri.
- ↑ Pellegrini, Giovanni Battista (1977). Carta dei dialetti d'Italia, Pisa, Pacini, p.17
- ↑ Pellegrini, Giovanni Battista (1977). Carta dei dialetti d'Italia, Pisa, Pacini, p.17
- ↑ Marcato, Carla (2007). Dialetto, dialetti e italiano, Il Mulino, Bologna, pp.176-177
- ↑ Pellegrini, Giovanni Battista (1977). Carta dei dialetti d'Italia, Pisa, Pacini, p.26-29
- ↑ Pellegrini, Giovanni Battista (1977). Carta dei dialetti d'Italia, Pisa, Pacini, p.29-30
- ↑ Pellegrini, Giovanni Battista (1977). Carta dei dialetti d'Italia, Pisa, Pacini, p.30
- ↑ Pellegrini, Giovanni Battista (1977). Carta dei dialetti d'Italia, Pisa, Pacini, pp.30-34
- ↑ Pellegrini, Giovanni Battista (1977). Carta dei dialetti d'Italia, Pisa, Pacini, p.25
- ↑ Pellegrini, Giovanni Battista (1977). Carta dei dialetti d'Italia, Pisa, Pacini, p.34
- ↑ Günter Holtus; Edgar Radtke (1994). Sprachprognostik und das 'italiano di domani': prospettive per una linguistica 'prognostica'. Tübinger Beiträge zur Linguistik. 384. Gunter Narr Verlag. p. 55. Search this book on
- ↑ "Glottolog 4.7 - Italian Romance". glottolog.org. Retrieved 2022-12-12.
- ↑ "Manuale di linguistica e filologia romanza" di Lorenzo Renzi e Alvise Andreose", edizione Il Mulino - 2015.
- ↑ Holtus e Metzeltin-Schmitt, Lexikon der Romanistischen Linguistik, IV: Italienisch, Korsisch, Sardisch, 1988 p. 452; Loporcaro, Profilo linguistico dei dialetti italiani, 2009, p. 70; Lepschy, The Italian language today, 1998, p. 41; Tullio De Mauro, Storia linguistica dell'Italia unita, 1963, p.25-26; Fiorenzo Toso, 1, 2
- ↑ Manuale "Le lingue romanze" di Rainer Schlösser, Editore Il Mulino - anno 2005
- ↑ Tullio De Mauro, "Storia linguistica dell'Italia unita", 1963, a p.25-26
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