Jam Juna I
| Jam Juna ڄام جوڻو | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Jam (Sindhi: ڄام) Shah (Sindhi: شاهه) Sultan of Sindh (Sindhi: سنڌ جو سُلطان) | |||||||||
| 2nd Sultan of Sindh | |||||||||
| 1st reign | Diarchy 1352 – 1368 | ||||||||
| Co-Ruler | Jam Banbina II | ||||||||
| Predecessor | Jam Unar | ||||||||
| Successor | Jam Tamachi Jam Togachi | ||||||||
| 4th Sultan of Sindh | |||||||||
| 2nd reign | Monarchy 1371 – 1389 | ||||||||
| Predecessor | Jam Tamachi Jam Togachi | ||||||||
| Successor | Jam Tamachi | ||||||||
| Born | Juna bin Banbina Samanagar | ||||||||
| Died | 1389 Samui near Samanagar | ||||||||
| Burial | Pir Patho (6 miles from Makli) | ||||||||
| Issue | Jam Togachi | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| House |  Established House of Juna | ||||||||
| Dynasty | Samma dynasty | ||||||||
| Father | Banbina I | ||||||||
| Religion | Sunni Islam | ||||||||
Allaudin Shah (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.) better known as Jam Juna I (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.) was the second and fourth Sultan of Sindh, by succession. He belonged to the Samma dynasty, reigning first as a Diarch to Jam Banbina II from 1352 to 1368 and then as a Monarch from 1371 to 1389.
First Reign
Jam Juna succeeded his brother Jam Unar after his death in 1352 and ruled Sindh jointly with his nephew, Sadruddin Shah Banbina II, as noted in the Insha-i-Mahru.[1] Masumi states that Jam Juna reigned for thirteen years.[2] During this time, Hamir Soomro, after his defeat by Banbina II, left Sindh and likely sought refuge under the Delhi Sultanate.[3]
Juna expelled the Turks from Upper Sindh and Banbina II ending Soomras from Lower Sindh, taking control of all of Sindh.[4][3] Banbina II, in alliance with the Mongols, launched multiple attacks on Gujarat and Punjab, prompting Ain-ul-Mulk Mahru, the Governor of Multan, to seek Firuz Shah Tughlaq's intervention.[3] In response, Firuz Shah Tughlaq tasked Malik-ul-Umra Rukunuddin Emir Hassan with expelling Banbina II from both Gujarat and Sindh. However, the plan failed, and Banbina II decisively ended Soomra rule in Sindh.[5] This ultimately led to Firuz Shah Tughlaq's invasion of Sindh between 1365–67.[5]
Unlike the aggressive and defiant Banbina II, Jam Juna, an elderly and weaker figure, sought reconciliation with Delhi. He reportedly conveyed his willingness to submit to the Sultan of Delhi through Syed Jalaluddin Bukhari of Uch.[6] A letter from a Delhi Sultanate emir to a military officer instructed the suppression of the Sindh rebellion, which had been fueled by Mongol support. Ain-ul-Mulk Mahru received a copy of the directive.[6]
Jam Juna also wrote to Ain-ul-Mulk Mahru, the Governor of Multan, clarifying his position and condemning the actions of the Imperial forces in Sindh.[7] In his letter, he asserted that:
- He had no involvement in the Mongol raids.
- The Imperial troops from Multan had plundered Sehwan and Sukkur, oppressing the local populace.
- Despite repeated provocations, Sindh's army had exercised restraint on multiple occasions.
- The Multan government's actions against Sindh were driven by vested interests rather than justice.
- The Imperial forces had wrongfully enslaved Sindhi Muslims and sold them in the market.
- Sindh possessed a formidable military, and any further incursions by Imperial troops would be met with severe consequences.
- The Subahdar of Gujarat and the Gumashta of Sehwan were unfairly holding the Jams accountable for every administrative failure in their regions.
In reply to Jam Juna's letter, Ain-ul-Mulk, rejected the accusations and instead claimed that the Jams of Sindh had violated their submission to the Delhi Sultanate after rumors spread of Firuz Shah's death during his second Bengal expedition in 1359. He noted that this submission had originally been secured through Syed Jalaluddin Bukhari.[8]
Ain-ul-Mulk further accused the Sammas of employing Mongol forces against the Delhi Sultanate, attacking Muslim territories in Gujarat and Multan, and usurping lands assigned to the Delhi's officials in Sehwan. He also alleged that the Jams pretended to pursue diplomacy while secretly carrying out attacks on the administration of Sehwan. [8]
He warned the Jams to remain submissive like Bakram Khan, referring to the Sammas of northern Nirun and Lakhat (near Nawabshah), who had submitted to Firuz Shah Tughlaq in 1351.[8] He further drew a provocative comparison, claiming that Hindu rulers who sent their daughters to the royal Harem never rebelled, while Sindhis, whom he likened to the daughters of Raja Dahir, were treacherous and unreliable.[9] He dismissed Sindh's military strength, remarking that:
the larger the prey, the greater the hunt.[9]
Firuz Shah Invades
First Campaign
In 1364, Firuz Shah Tughlaq launched a major expedition against Sindh, citing the defiance of the Sammas and their alleged alliance with the Mongols in raids on Gujarat and Punjab. He set out toward Samanagar with a vast force of about 90,000 horses and 480 elephants, supported by a large fleet of boats moving down the Indus River. Jam Juna, regarded as the more conciliatory Samma leader, was nevertheless accused by the Delhi authorities of failing to restrain the actions of Jam Banbina II. Despite diplomatic exchanges, Sindhi forces, including those led by Jam Juna, resisted the imperial advance. Firuz Shah’s campaign soon ran into disaster as disease killed nearly three quarters of his horses, while ambushes near Samanagar and severe shortages of food and water in the Rann of Cutch crippled the army. During the retreat, starving soldiers suffered further when guides led them into waterless tracts, prompting executions until the remaining guides directed the army toward the fertile plains of Gujarat. Forced to abandon the expedition, Firuz Shah retreated to Gujarat to recover strength and horses, marking the failure of his first campaign against.[10]
Second Compaign
Service at Delhi
References
- ↑ Panhwar 1983, p. 311.
- ↑ Panhwar 1983, p. 313.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Panhwar 1983, p. 312.
- ↑ Calcutta Review. Calcutta: University of Calcutta. 1874. pp. 19[1]. Search this book on
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Panhwar 1983, p. 314.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Panhwar 1983, p. 315.
- ↑ Panhwar 1983, p. 316.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Panhwar 1983, p. 317.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Panhwar 1983, p. 318.
- ↑ Haig 1925, p. 180.
Bibliography
- Panhwar, M. H. (August 1983), Chronological Dictionary of Sindh (From Geological Times to 1539) (1 ed.), Karachi: Educational Press: Institute of Sindhology, University of Sind, Jamshoro
- Lakho, G. M. (2006), The Samma Kingdom of Sindh, University of Jamshoro, ISBN 9789694050782
- Haig, Wolseley (1925), Cambridge History Of India Vol. 2
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