Jan Norbert Kroo
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Early Life and Education
Jan Norbert Kroo is a Polish mathematical physicist. He was born in Cracow, Poland in 1899.[1] He was the son of Hermann and Reizel Mirel Kroo. He had two brothers named Maksymilian Marcin and Karol Alfred. He married Jozefa Antonina on February 2nd, 1929.[2] He started studying physics in 1906 in Vienna. Kroo then went on to study at the Georg-August-Universität Göttingen where he was a student under two prominent mathematicians Paul Hertz and Woldemar Voigt. [3]
Kroo continued his education in Gottingen where he got his doctorate in physics in 1913 for his dissertation on statistical theory of electricity and magnetism. This dissertation was titled Zur statistischen Elektronentheorie der Dielektrizität und des Magnetismus in which he calculated the mean energy of the system of a molecule entered an electric or magnetic field.[4] Kroo then continued studying theoretical physics and published twelve papers up until 1920. Two of his papers examined Gibb’s theorem and proved in which cases it was valid or not. Kroo debated with many other scholars at his time on the correct approaches and laws for popular theorems at the time. Kroo is notable for using different types of equations to approach these theorems that were not commonly suspected to be used. At times his approaches were incorrect, but they still pushed other mathematicians to reconsider their initial assumptions about the theorems Kroo was examining.[3]
Years Active
In his prime years Kroo became a significant contributor to fields such as ring atoms, the Kossel-Sommerfeld theory, and the Bohr method of atomic structure.[5] He dedicated himself completely to his research. He wrote Zur Elektronentheorie des Paramagnetismus which translates to On the Electron Theory of Paramagnetism that was published in the German Physical Society in 1913.[6] He also wrote other journals published from 1913-1918 that focused on his theories on electrons and atomic structure. Kroo’s formula shows that the differences between calculated and observed values for elements with atomic numbers between 17 to 29 are less than 2% which confirmed what Sommerfeld had been predicting. He approached the idea of atomic structure through spectroscopy unlike other mathematicians.
Kroo also looked at the rings of electrons and concluded, “it is shown that experimental observations are consistent with the view that the former contains three electrons and the latter eight”.[7] Kroo along with other mathematicians and physicists such as Peter Debye, Fokker, and Sommerfeld contributed to the Neil Bohr’s theory of atomic structure and other advancement in various fields.[8] He is not remembered as well as some of his colleagues, but he greatly contributed to the advancement of the study of atoms, electron theory, and atomic structure[9]. Arnold Sommerfeld is his most notable companion in the way in which he continued Kroo’s work and strengthened his equations. His other main papers during his career were On the time-ensemble and microcanonical ensemble, Principles of statistical mechanics, On a Theorem of Dynamics, among many other papers that advanced or challenged popular equations at the time.[10]
Later life and Death
After his work in his mathematics, Kroo went on to work with his family until he was sent to the Warsaw Ghetto in 1940. The bank was called Kroo und Blankstein and was originally opened in Cracow but moved to Vienna during the First World War. Hermann Kroo was Jan's father and Blankstein was Jan’s half-brother Emmanuel Blankstein.[11] The bank was located by the Schottentor in Vienna The bank was documented in multiple Austrian trade indexes up until the Holocaust.[12] While working with his family he did not continue with his math career, but instead made his living as a bank official. The bank was owned and operated by two Jewish families, so once the Holocaust started and Kroo was arrested, there is no more information about the bank documented.[13]
Kroo was arrested in 1940 in Warschau by the Gestapo.[14] He was then sent to the Warsaw Ghetto for a year. In 1941 Kroo was transferred to an unknown location, however official documentation shows that he died while being transferred in the summer of 1941. It was common for there to be no official date of death for victims of the Holocaust that perished while being transferred from the ghetto to other camps. There is no official proof of death according to the Bavarian State Compensation office so as of 1961 there is no legal death certificate for Jan Norbert Kroo.[15] Kroo was a great mathematician with potential that was cut short by World War 2 and the Holocaust.
References
- ↑ Comité International de la Croix- Rouge. International Tracing Service,
- ↑ "Geni: Jan Norbert Kroo". Geni.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Średniawa, Bronislaw. History of Theoretical Physic at Jagellonian University in Cracow in XIXth Century and in the First Half of XXth Century. Search this book on
- ↑ "Mathematics Genealogy Project".
- ↑ Heilbron, John L. (December 1967). "The Kossel-Sommerfeld Theory and the Ring Atom". Isis. 58 (4): 450–485. doi:10.1086/350299. ISSN 0021-1753.
- ↑ American Chemical Society. Chemical Abstracts Service (1916). Chemical Abstracts Volume 10. American Chemical Society. Search this book on
- ↑ "Physiological chemistry". Journal of the Chemical Society, Abstracts. 114: i50. 1918. doi:10.1039/ca9181400050. ISSN 0590-9791.
- ↑ Kragh, Helge (2012-12-26). "Superheavy elements and the upper limit of the periodic table: early speculations". The European Physical Journal H. 38 (3): 411–431. doi:10.1140/epjh/e2012-30043-7. ISSN 2102-6459.
- ↑ Christa., Jungnickel, (1990). Intellectual mastery of nature : theoretical physics from Ohm to Einstein. University of Chicago. ISBN 0226415821. OCLC 933854137. Search this book on
- ↑ Średniawa, Bronislaw (January 2002), "The Development of astronomy, physics and mathematics at Jagellonian University in the last two centuries on the background of historical changes in Cracow", Institutions and Societies for Teaching, Research and Popularisation, Brepols Publishers, pp. 35–40, ISBN 9782503514130, retrieved 2018-12-15
- ↑ Hazel Russman- relative of Jan Norbert Kroo
- ↑ Karny, Heinrich Hugo (1907). "Revision der Acrydier von Österreich-Ungarn". Wiener entomologische Zeitung. 26: 271–278. doi:10.5962/bhl.part.8890. ISSN 1562-0891.
- ↑ "Service de recherches du Comité international". Revue Internationale de la Croix-Rouge et Bulletin international des Sociétés de la Croix-Rouge. 16 (182): 147. February 1934. doi:10.1017/s1026881200099979. ISSN 1026-8812.
- ↑ Internationational Tracing Service Documentation, Holocaust Museum.
- ↑ Bayerisches Landesentschädigungsamt- Bavarian State Compensation office documentation request -828 881 BEG 47 167-4a- 0og.
Jan Norbert Kroo
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