Kept on Wikipedia:Drift load
Drift load, a type of genetic load[1][2], is the effect on fitness in a population by the fixation of a new deleterious mutation due to genetic drift[3][1]. It is a decreasing function of effective population size[4][5].
When a population declines in size, due to a population bottleneck or founder effect, a loss of genetic variation due to inbreeding can result[6][7]. Over time, as breeding individuals’ genotypes become more similar, homozygosity increases[7]. If all individuals of a population become homozygous for one allele, that allele is fixed, and any other alleles at that locus are lost from that population by the random[2] evolutionary process of genetic drift[8]. As fixation of deleterious alleles occurs at more loci and variability is lost, drift load increases[2]. With increasing drift load, populations become smaller and less fit with each generation[9], eventually resulting in local extinction[6]. Strategies to address drift load in endangered species is a goal of conservation genetics[8].
Factors that decrease drift load, or counteract its negative effects on population fitness, include polyploidy[10][9][11], gene flow[12], high reproductive rate[13][14], sexual selection[4], and purifying selection[15][16].
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Whitlock, Mc; Davis, B (2011), "Genetic Load", eLS, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, doi:10.1002/9780470015902.a0001787.pub2, ISBN 978-0-470-01590-2, retrieved 2025-02-06
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Grossen, Christine; Ramakrishnan, Uma (2024). "Genetic load". Current Biology. 34 (24): R1216–R1220. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2024.11.004. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 39689685 Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Schrieber, Karin; Lachmuth, Susanne (2017). "The Genetic Paradox of Invasions revisited: the potential role of inbreeding × environment interactions in invasion success". Biological Reviews. 92 (2): 939–952. doi:10.1111/brv.12263. ISSN 1469-185X. PMID 27009691.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Whitlock, Michael C. (2000-12-01). "Fixation of New Alleles and the Extinction of Small Populations: Drift Load, Beneficial Alleles, and Sexual Selection". Evolution. 54 (6): 1855–1861. doi:10.1111/j.0014-3820.2000.tb01232.x. ISSN 0014-3820. PMID 11209765.
- ↑ Willi, Y.; Griffin, P.; Van Buskirk, J. (2013). "Drift load in populations of small size and low density". Heredity. 110 (3): 296–302. doi:10.1038/hdy.2012.86. ISSN 1365-2540. PMC 3668656. PMID 23211785.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Lynch, Michael; Conery, John; Bürger, Reinhard (1995). "Mutation Accumulation and the Extinction of Small Populations". The American Naturalist. 146 (4): 489–518. doi:10.1086/285812. ISSN 0003-0147. JSTOR 2462976.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Howard, Jeremy T.; Pryce, Jennie E.; Baes, Christine; Maltecca, Christian (2017). "Invited review: Inbreeding in the genomics era: Inbreeding, inbreeding depression, and management of genomic variability". Journal of Dairy Science. 100 (8): 6009–6024. doi:10.3168/jds.2017-12787. ISSN 0022-0302. PMID 28601448.
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 van Oosterhout, Cock (2020). "Mutation load is the spectre of species conservation". Nature Ecology & Evolution. 4 (8): 1004–1006. doi:10.1038/s41559-020-1204-8. ISSN 2397-334X. PMID 32367032 Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ 9.0 9.1 Hodgins, Kathryn A.; Battlay, Paul; Bock, Dan G. (2025). "The genomic secrets of invasive plants". New Phytologist. 245 (5): 1846–1863. doi:10.1111/nph.20368. ISSN 0028-646X.
- ↑ te Beest, Mariska; Le Roux, Johannes J.; Richardson, David M.; Brysting, Anne K.; Suda, Jan; Kubešová, Magdalena; Pyšek, Petr (2012-01-01). "The more the better? The role of polyploidy in facilitating plant invasions". Annals of Botany. 109 (1): 19–45. doi:10.1093/aob/mcr277. ISSN 0305-7364. PMC 3241594. PMID 22040744.
- ↑ PANDIT, M. K.; TAN, H. T. W.; BISHT, M. S. (2006-07-01). "Polyploidy in invasive plant species of Singapore". Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society. 151 (3): 395–403. doi:10.1111/j.1095-8339.2006.00515.x. ISSN 0024-4074.
- ↑ Whitlock, Michael C; Ingvarsson, Pär K; Hatfield, Todd (2000-04-01). "Local drift load and the heterosis of interconnected populations". Heredity. 84 (4): 452–457. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2540.2000.00693.x. ISSN 1365-2540. PMID 10849069.
- ↑ Mason, Robert A. B.; Cooke, Julia; Moles, Angela T.; Leishman, Michelle R. (2008). "Reproductive output of invasive versus native plants". Global Ecology and Biogeography. 17 (5): 633–640. doi:10.1111/j.1466-8238.2008.00402.x. ISSN 1466-8238.
- ↑ van Kleunen, Mark; Manning, John C; Pasqualetto, Vanessa; Johnson, Steven D (2008). "Phylogenetically Independent Associations between Autonomous Self-Fertilization and Plant Invasiveness". The American Naturalist. 171 (2): 195–201. doi:10.1086/525057. ISSN 0003-0147. PMID 18197772.
- ↑ PARISOD, CHRISTIAN; TRIPPI, CHARLOTTE; GALLAND, NICOLE (2005-01-02). "Genetic Variability and Founder Effect in the Pitcher Plant Sarracenia purpurea (Sarraceniaceae) in Populations Introduced into Switzerland: from Inbreeding to Invasion". Annals of Botany. 95 (2): 277–286. doi:10.1093/aob/mci023. ISSN 0305-7364. PMC 4246826. PMID 15546932.
- ↑ Facon, Benoît; Hufbauer, Ruth A.; Tayeh, Ashraf; Loiseau, Anne; Lombaert, Eric; Vitalis, Renaud; Guillemaud, Thomas; Lundgren, Jonathan G.; Estoup, Arnaud (2011). "Inbreeding Depression Is Purged in the Invasive Insect Harmonia axyridis". Current Biology. 21 (5): 424–427. doi:10.1016/j.cub.2011.01.068. ISSN 0960-9822. PMID 21333536.
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