Khasi I
| Khasi I | |
|---|---|
| Alpa-Khas | |
| King of Alania | |
| Reign | c. 1207 – 1241 |
| Predecessor | Office established |
| Successor | Khour I Ors |
| Died | 1241 Mongol Empire |
| Dynasty | Sado-Orsoy |
| Religion | Orthodox Christianity |
Khasi I (Chechen: Эла Хаси I), sometimes also referred to as Alpa-Khas (Chechen: Алпа-Хас, coming from Alaniy-Pachakh, meaning "King of Alania") was a Chechen ruler and the king of Alania from an unknown date (1200s) to 1241, as well as having have had power and influence in Durdzuketi (modern-day Chechnya and Ingushetia) from the late 1190s to 1241. He belonged to the Sado-Orsoy dynasty of Chechnya and was an important participant in the Mongol invasions of Durdzuketi. The word "Khasi" means "pretty" or "beautiful" in the Chechen language. The personality and later life of Khasi correspond to the historical personality Khan Khusy, mentioned in the chronicle Yuan-Shi.[1][2][3][4][5][6][7][8]
Family and descendants[edit]
Rise to power[edit]
Khasi rose to power after the death of Gharbin Nashkh, the previous leader of the Durdzuks. Following the rise to power, the Vainakh society split into two: In the North, Southeast and West, were the supporters of Khasi, among whom were the Alans, Cheberloy the Orstkhoy, as well as other Chechen lowland tribes. The people who recognized the king were called Az/As, corresponding to the Chechen word for "me".
In the South and East were Avkhar and the people of Nokhch-Mokhk as well as other Chechen Highland tribes, who recognized the ancient Democratic Mekhk-Kkhel (National Council) as their legitimate government.[9]
Early reign[edit]
The personal estate of Khasi was located between the rivers Bass and Khulkhulau, approximately where the towns Makhkets, Khattuni and Elistanzhiy lie today, as well as in Maghas, the capital of Alania.[10]
Together with the Kingdom of Georgia, in the late 1190s, Khasi undertook at least two large campaigns against the rebellious Didoyans. In the early 1200s, he send an army led by his son Khour I, which took part in the pacification of Mingrelia and Circassia. In 1212, he, together with the Georgian commander Ivane Mkhargrdzeli, repressed an uprising in Pkhovi as well as new one in Didoeti, that lasted for 3 months, which left several villages and shrines destroyed.[6][11]
Mongol invasions of Durdzuketi and Alania[edit]
Campaign in Circassia[edit]
Following the fall of Circassia in 1237 with the death of its king Tuqar, as well as the establishment of a pro-Mongol Circassian administration, Khasi I sent a request to the Mongol governors of Circassia, in which he requested the district to be under Alan rule, which was denied. This led to the second campaign of Khour I in Circassia, in order to fight the Mongol. However, with the approach of Mongol troops in Maghas two years later in 1239, Khasi recalled the army in Circassia.[12]
Siege of Maghas[edit]
In November 1239, the Mongols laid siege to the capital of Alania, Maghas. During this time, in the South of today's Chechnya, the Botur family rebelled against Khasi I and sent an army to support the Mongols in the siege. Shortly after the start of the battle, Khour I and his army arrived back from Circassia, fought themselves through the enemy, driving a part of the Mongol army away, allowing him to enter the city, after which he fortified himself in there.
Although the defence of Maghas was fierce, the Mongols eventually managed to capture the city, after which they plundered and destroyed it.
Aftermath[edit]
The destruction of Maghas broke the elderly king Khasi I, who now recognized the dominion, because of which he and his oldest son Atachi received gifts. In a peace treaty signed between the two sides, Khasi was obligated to:[13][14]
- Pay annual tribute to the Mongols.
- Send his oldest Atachi to serve in the Mongol army.[14]
- Send a detachment of 1,000 men to serve in the Mongol army.[14]
This event is also mentioned in the Chinese chronicle Yuan-Shi, in which it is stated that "Khan Khusy, ruler of the domain of the Ases (Alania)", submitted to Ögedei Khan. After his capitulation, he joined the Mongol ranks until his death of year later in 1241.[13][10]<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears. (September_2023)">page needed</span>]]</i>]</sup>-15|[15][14]
This decision was rejected by his son, Khour I, who believed that submission was hateful. Because of this, he raised an army and rebelled against the Mongol Empire.[14]
Death[edit]
Because of the disobedience of his son Khour I, in 1241, Khasi I was brutally executed by the Mongols who blinded and quartered him. Because of this, Khasi was considered to be a holy martyr by the Chechen people up until the Russian conquest.[10][16]
However, the Mongols claim that he died during a campaign.[13][16]
Following his death, his younger son, Khour I declared himself the sole legitimate heir or Khasi and started an insurgency in the mountains, while his eldest son, Atachi joined Mongol ranks.[5][16]<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears. (September_2023)">page needed</span>]]</i>]</sup>-17|[17]
The death of Khasi I was also followed by a long lasting struggle for power in Durdzuketi and Alania. To restore the stability, the Mongols put a member of the Royal House into power, Ors Ela. He worked together with other pro-Mongol feudal Lords to crush the insurgency led by Khour I.[18][19][20][21][22]
The death of Khasi was also followed by the persecution of members of the royal house, which almost resulted in the extinction of the Sado-Orsoy dynasty. Among the survivors of the purge was his son, Khour I.[23][24]
See also[edit]
References[edit]
- ↑ Муртазалиев, pp. 184-186.
- ↑ Кузнецов 1962, p. 247.
- ↑ Ангуни 2013, pp. 7, 12-13, 18-19, 21.
- ↑ Иванов, pp. 292-293.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Тесаев 2020, pp. 87-88.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Айдамиров 2009.
- ↑ Тесаев 2017, pp. 51-64.
- ↑ Кузнецов 1971, p. 162.
- ↑ Ангуни 2013, pp. 7-12.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Тесаев 2020, p. 87.
- ↑ Ангуни 2013, pp. 12-13.
- ↑ Ангуни 2013, pp. 16-17.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 Иванов, pp. 282-283.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 14.4 Ангуни 2013, p. 18.
- <span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears. (September_2023)">page needed</span>]]</i>]</sup>_15-0|↑ Хизриев 1992, p. [page needed].
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 Ангуни 2013, p. 19.
- <span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears. (September_2023)">page needed</span>]]</i>]</sup>_17-0|↑ Муртазалиев, p. [page needed].
- ↑ Муртазалиев, p. 185.
- ↑ Ангуни 2013, pp. 21-22.
- ↑ Тесаев 2020, p. 89.
- ↑ Сулейманов 1978, p. 726.
- ↑ Хизриев 1992, p. 168.
- ↑ Муртазалиев, p. 186.
- ↑ Ангуни 2013, p. 21.
Literature[edit]
- Иванов, А.И. История монголов (Юань-ши) об асах-аланах (in Russian).CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link) Search this book on
- Тесаев, 3.А. (2020). Исторические личности Чечни (XI-XXI вв.) (in Russian). Грозный: Акционерное общество Издательско-полиграфический комплекс Грозненский рабочий. pp. 1–720.CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link) Search this book on
- Ангуни, Амин (2013). Государственность Народа Нохчий (in Russian). Грозный: Издательский аппарат общества Бяццара Кхиэташуо (БК). pp. 1–96.CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link) Search this book on
- Муртазалиев, В.Ю. К вопросу истории государства и права чеченцев (in Russian). Грозный.CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link) Search this book on
- Кузнецов, В.А. (1962). Аланские племена Северного Кавказа (in Russian). Грозный.CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link) Search this book on
- Айдамиров, А. (2009-04-27). Хронология истории Чечено-Ингушетии (in Russian).CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link) Search this book on
- Тесаев, 3.А. (2017). Антифеодальная борьба чеченцев в период раздробленности Аланского государства (2-я пол. XII XIII в.) (in Russian). Грозный: Акционерное общество Издательско-полиграфический комплекс Грозненский рабочий. pp. 1–64.CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link) Search this book on
- Кузнецов, В.А. (1971). Алания в X-XIII вв (in Russian). Грозный.CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link) Search this book on
- Хизриев, Х.А. (1992). КАВКАЗЦЫ ПРОТИВ ТИМУРА (in Russian). Грозный: Горная книга. pp. 1–168.CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link) Search this book on
- Сулейманов, А. С. (1978). Топонимия Чечении (PDF) (in русский). Грозный: Чечено-Ингушское Книжное Издательство. pp. 1–233. Search this book on
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