Khom
Khom (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist., th) is a Thai- and Lao-language term referring to the people and civilization of the Mahindharapura Dynasty. However, due to 20th century nationalism and extremism, many people often misunderstood the term and it's meaning, which includes the increase in tension between Thais and Khmers during the Thai-Cambodian confict.
A podcast between Professor Panthep Puapongpan (ปานเทพ พัวพงษ์พันธ์) and historian Mhom Korn (หม่อมกร) had talked about the Khom civilization, Thais and Khmers. Mhom Korn said that Dharanindravarman II who is Khom, married Queen Sri Jayarajacudamani who is Tai-Kradai (Before the formation of Sukhothai), which gave birth to Jayavarman VII who later consolidated power and unified the Khom Dynasty. Thus, Khom was closely related to Thai by marriage, not a full nationality.
Flawed and Misunderstood Usage
Thai thinker, Luang Wichitwathakan believed that contemporary Khmers are unrelated to the ethnic group responsible for the civilization, coining the term "Khom" for this purpose. However, The term has been misunderstood extensively in 20th-century Thai extremism, nationalism and fascism. For Example, Some Thais believed that Khoms are ethnic Thais, but Khom wasn't a nationality, instead it was a civilization, and that Thais and Khmers got their nation and power later on. (The formation of Thais and Khmers happened at the same time.)
The misunderstanding intensified in the 21st century with Social Media and the Internet. Instead of "Khom" symbolizing civilization, it has been used for cyberbullying and quarrels on the internet. This intensified with the Thai-Cambodian conflict.
Etymology
In Thai, the term khom has its roots in the Dvaravati Old Mon and Nyah Kur term *krɔɔm[1] meaning "under, below, beneath [prep.]; the under part of (sth.) (especially house) [noun]."[1][2] The vowel sequence also derived as a variant form: *krɔɔm → *kǝrɔɔm, *kǝnrɔɔm[1] in the Austroasiatic languages then later diversified to other language families as follows:[1]
- Austroasiatic languages
- Hmong–Mien languages
- Kra–Dai languages
- Proto-Kra–Dai and Hlai: *kom, kom ← *krom (Mon) ← *krɔɔm.[9]
- Proto-Tai: gom ← *krom (Mon) ← *krɔɔm.[9]
- Northern Thai and Lao: khom ← *krom (Mon) ← *krɔɔm.[1][10] (Note: the term khom, sometimes used to refer to the Khmer period in Siam,[1] not so much for the Khmer of Camboja proper,[11] as for the Mon-Khmer people of Lower Siam—lower Chao Phraya River Basin proper[12] from about 1000 CE to the latter half of the 13th century CE, which was subject to the Angkor empire.)[11]
- Tibeto-Burman languages
See also
- Khom Thai script, A type of Khom script used in Thailand
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Diffloth, Gérard. (1984). The Dvaravati Old Mon Language and Nyah Kur. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University Printing House. pp. 219–220. ISBN 978-974-5-63783-2 Search this book on
. Note: Entry no. V192., and V.192a.
- p. 343 :— "The Thai term ขอม /khɔ̌ɔm/, "Khom", sometimes used to refer to the Khmer period in Thailand, is apparently a Lao pronunciation of the Old Mon word *krɔɔm < krom >, meaning "Cambodian". The word is found in an Old Mon inscription, with that meaning (DOMI: p. 62), and in other Mon-Khmer languages, meaning "below, under, South". (Cf. V192)."
- ↑ Huffman, Franklin E. "Burmese Mon, Thai Mon, And Nyah Kur: A Synchronic Comparison," The Mon Khmer Studies Journal 16-17(1990): 48. :— "7) /krɔɔm/ under".
- ↑ Vovin, By. (1993). "Origins of the Ainu Language," A Reconstruction of Proto-Ainu. Leiden: E.J. Brill. p. 169. ISSN 0925-6512 ISBN 90-04-09905-0 Search this book on .
- ↑ Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia (RILCA), Mahidol University. (1991). Pan-Asiatic Linguistics Volume 2. Proceedings of the Third International Symposium on Language and Linguistics, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand, January 8-10. Nakhon Pathom: Mahidol University. p. 680.
- ↑ Sidwell, Paul and Jacq, Pascale. (2003). A Handbook of Comparative Bahnaric. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, Australian National University. p. 144. ISBN 978-085-8-83541-2 Search this book on .
- ↑ Centre de Documentation et de Recherches sur l'Asie du Sud-Est et le Monde Insulindien, École Pratique des Hautes Études (France). Asie du Sud-Est and Monde Indonésien 6(4)(1975): 4. ISSN 0395-2681
- ↑ BERNARD, J. B. (1902). Dictionnaire Cambodgien-Français [Cambodian-French Dictionary] (in French). Hong Kong: La Société des Missions-Étrangères. p. 162. :— "KRŌM. Sous, dessous, au dessous. Il — âs, le plus bas, le plus profond. Il É—, au dessous. Il Pi —, par dessous, il Nou —, être dessous."
- ↑ Jenner, Philip N. (2009). A Dictionary of pre-Angkorian Khmer. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University. pp. 31–32. ISBN 978-085-8-83595-5 Search this book on .
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Benedict, Paul K. (1990). Japanese/Austro-Tai. Ann Arbor, MI: Karoma Publishers. p. 210. ISBN 089720-078-0 Search this book on .
- ↑ Unseth, Peter. "The Sociolinguistics of Script Shoice: An Introduction," International Journal of the Sociology of Language 192(2008): 25. doi:10.1515/IJSL.2008.030 "Notes 2. The term Khom is from the Lao word khom, from the Mon krom 'south(erners)', ..."
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Bennison, J.J. (1933). Census of India, 1931 Volume XI: BURMA PART I.—REPORT. Rangoon: Office of the Supdt., Government Printing and Stationery. p. 300.
- ↑ Phaideekham, Santi. (2019). "เขมร คำที่ไทยใช้เรียกเขมรมาตั้งแต่เมื่อใด?," Laelang kham Khamen-Thai [Behind the words Khmer-Thai] แลหลังคำเขมร-ไทย (in Thai). Bangkok: Matichon. pp. 61–87. ISBN 978-974-0-21687-2 Search this book on .
- ↑ The Text Publication Fund of the Burma Research Society. (1923). The Glass Palace Chronicle of the Kings of Burma[permanent dead link]. (Translated by Pe Maung Tin and G.H. Luce). LONDON: Oxford University Press. p 106. "south-eastward the country of the Gywans, also called Ayoja;".
- Cœdès, George. "Documents sur l'Histoire Politique et Religieuse du Laos Occidental," Bulletin de l'École française d'Extrême-Orient 25(1925): 24. doi:10.3406/befeo.1925.3044 ISSN 1760-737X. "Le Hmannan Yazawin (trad. Maung Tin et Luce, pp. 99 et 106) place les Gywam au Sud-Est des Birmans et dit que leur contrée est aussie appelée Arawsa ou Ayoja, c'est-à-dire Ayudhya = le Siam."
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