Lagunaria
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Description
General
The tree can grow to be twenty metres tall,[1] and one and a half metres in diameter.[2]
Vegetative
Trunk
The trunk is straight and made of a soft, fibrous timber.[2]
Leaves
The leaves are evergreen,[3] [4] though they change with age. They are a dark green colour in the earlier stages of their development, with the undersides possessing a scale like quality and are of a silver colour.[2] Both sides become a pale green colour as they age and the scaley underside becomes smooth.[2] They have an elliptical shape and become narrower as the plant starts to flower.[5] They are eight centimetres in length and three and a half centimetres in width on average.[6]
Reproductive
Flowers
The flower fades from a deep pink colour to a white and pale pink as it ages.[4][7] It is similar in appearance to a hibiscus.[4] It has a diamater ranging from 1.5 – 3 inches.[4] Each flower normally has 3-5 petals.[8]
The flower grows from a short, thick pedicel in the axil of the leaf.[2] It blooms in the summertime,[2] between the months of October and February.[6]
The epicalyx is made of three to five large segments which are joined at the base. These form a protective layer over the flower when it is in bud.[4][7] The calyx have four to five lobes which are derived from the connate sepals.[4]
Inflorescence
The inflorescence is lightly covered in a rough scurfy texture.[2] There are three to five bracteoles that are joined in a wide, short-lobed cup.[2]
Androecium
The stamen is a golden colour, with the anther comprising much of its length.[4] It bears numerous filaments on the outside below the five crenate summit.[2]
Gynoecium
The ovary has five cells and has several ovules in each cell.[2][7] The style is clavate at the top (club-shaped), with five radiating stigmatic lobes which are of a white, cream colour.[4]
Fruit
The fruit of the tree presents as a brown globular capsule measuring two centimetres in diameter on average.[6] The capsules contain five valves that are arranged loculicidally (splitting between each locule).[2] It is filled with seeds that are smooth, thick and kidney-shaped.[2][7] The inner wall is lined with white, barbed hairs that cause irritation to the skin when come in to contact with.[4]
Taxonomy
Taxonomic History
Lagunaria was first discovered by Colonel W. Paterson, who first sent seeds to England while stationed on Norfolk Island in 1792.[2] Paterson was only an amateur botanist, the manuscript of flora he compiled during his time there being evidence of this.[9] Paterson was on Norfolk Island between the 4th of November 1791 and the 9th of March 1793.[9]
Reichenbach is the authority of the genus as seen in the genus’ full name, Lagunaria (DC.) Rchb.[10] There was controversy of the authority of the genus for a time as many attributions were to to George Don, however this was a mistake.[5] It was originally categorised as being a part of the genus Hibiscus, based on a description be De Candolle in 1824.[5] In 1828, Reichenbach recognised it as a separate genus and recategorized it to reflect this.[5]
Species
It was originally believed to be monotypic, and was divded in to two subspecies in 1990 by P.S. Green, with L. Patersonia being from Norfolk island and L.patersonia subsp. bracteata from Queensland.[5] In 2006 they were recognise to be two distinct species by the names of L.patersonia and L.queenslandica respectively by L.A Craven.[11] Some of the features used to distinguish the two include:
· The bracteoles do not persist at the time of flowering in Patersonia.[5]
· The leaves of Patersonia are thicker and with a more prominent white pigmented, tomentose underside.[5]
· The length of the style and the subsequent degree to which it protrudes from the flower is greater in Queenslandica.[11]
· Queenslandica has shorter petals and staminal column. [11]
· Patersonia often occurs in rainforest/swamp areas and Queenslandica is more often found in non-rainforest areas including coastlines and rivers.[11]
Nomenclature
Botanical names
The accepted botanical name for the genus Lagunaria is "Lagunaria (DC.) Rchb.".[12] Synonyms for this name include:
· Hibiscus sect. Lagunaria DC.[10]
· Lagunaea Schreb. [10]
· Lagunea Pers.[10]
Colloquial names
On Norfolk island, Lagunaria it is commonly known as the White Oak.[9] It is also known as:
· Itch Tree[4]
· Itchy Pod Tree[4]
· Norfolk Hibiscus[4]
· Norfolk Island Hibiscus[4][13]
· Primrose Tree[14]
· Queensland Pyramid Tree[14][13]
· Sally Wood[6]
· Sugar Plum Tree[6]
· Tulip Tree [2]
· White Wood[2]
Distribution and Habitat
Lagunaria is endemic to Norfolk Island, Lord Howe Island, Queensland.[11] There is a possibility it is also endemic to Northern NSW, however this is more generally regarded to be a clerical error.[2]
On Lord Howe Island, Lagunaria’s conservation status is endangered.[15] This is due to invasion by weeds, trampling by cattle and exposure to wind due to loss of vegetation.[16]
It tends to thrive in conditions that are humid and wet, and so has been introduced to many tropical locations around the world.[15]
It is often considered to be a pest because due to the injurious nature of the seed pods and its competition with native vegetation.[4]
It is widely cultivated throughout Australia, and can be found around the coast of New South Whale, Queensland, Tasmania, Western Australia, South Australia and Victoria.[10]
It can be found in many parts of the world in areas with a warm tropical environment. Some of places it can be found are compiled below.
| Africa | New Zealand | America | Europe |
| Ethiopia[17] | Auckland[10] | Louisiana[13] | Malta[14] |
| Kenya[18] | Nelson[10][4] | Hawaii[4] | |
| Libya[18] | Napier[10] | Lake Charles[13] | |
| Hibiscus Coast[10] | Albany[13] | ||
| Motueka[10] | California[4][17] | ||
| Wellington[4] | Costa Rica[4] | ||
| Northern New Zealand[17] | Floria[4] |
Cultivation
Lagunaria has been cultivated in many green houses around the world due to the beauty of its flower.[19] It has one known cultivar by the name of Lagunaria Patersonia ‘Royal Purple’.[13][4] It is known to be grown along the coast of california and throughout some of the inland valleys. It can also be found in Britain.[4]
It is used exclusively as an ornamental tree. It can be used as a flower display, hedge, coastal garden,[4] street or park tree,[3] just to name a few of its uses.
It tends to thrive in locations that are well lit and well-drained soil.[15] It is a hardy plant that can handle poor, dry soil, salt spray, wind and light frosts.[3] It can be propagated by taking semi-ripe cutting in the summer time. It can also be grown from seed.[4]
- ↑ "Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment". Department of Agriculture, Water and the Environment. Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 2.10 2.11 2.12 2.13 2.14 2.15 Maiden, J. H. (Joseph Henry). "The Forest Flora of New South Wales". adc.library.usyd.edu.au. Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Brascamp, Wilmien. "About Garden Design - Lagunaria patersonii". aboutgardendesign.com. Archived from the original on 2021-05-15. Retrieved 2021-05-15. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 4.11 4.12 4.13 4.14 4.15 4.16 4.17 4.18 4.19 4.20 4.21 4.22 4.23 4.24 Hinsley, Stewart R. "The Lagunaria Page". Malcaveae Info. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 5.6 Green, P. S. (1990). "Notes Relating to the Floras of Norfolk and Lord Howe Islands, III". Kew Bulletin. 45 (2): 235–255. doi:10.2307/4115682. ISSN 0075-5974.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 "Sallywood (Lagunaria patersonia)". www.lhimuseum.com. Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 "Flora of Victoria". vicflora.rbg.vic.gov.au. Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ↑ von Balthazar, Maria; Alverson, William S.; Schönenberger, Jürg; Baum, David A. (2004). "Comparative Floral Development and Androecium Structure in Malvoideae (Malvaceae s.l.)". International Journal of Plant Sciences. 165 (4): 445–473. doi:10.1086/386561. ISSN 1058-5893.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 Smith, Nan (2005). "William Paterson: AMATEUR COLONIAL BOTANIST, 1755-1810". Australian Garden History. 17 (1): 8–10. ISSN 1033-3673.
- ↑ 10.00 10.01 10.02 10.03 10.04 10.05 10.06 10.07 10.08 10.09 Australia, Atlas of Living. "Genus: Lagunaria". bie.ala.org.au. Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 11.4 Craven, L. A.; Miller, C.; White, R. G. (2006-07-27). "A New Name, and Notes on Extra-Floral Nectaries, in Lagunaria (Malvaceae, Malvoideae)". Blumea - Biodiversity, Evolution and Biogeography of Plants. 51 (2): 345–353. doi:10.3767/000651906X622283. ISSN 0006-5196.
- ↑ "Lagunaria | International Plant Names Index". www.ipni.org. Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 13.5 13.6 13.7 "PlantFiles: Norfolk Island Hibiscus, Cow Itch Tree, Pyramid Tree, Queensland Pyramid Tree". Dave's Garden. Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 14.3 Mifsud, Stephen (2002-08-23). "Lagunaria patersonii (Primrose Tree) : MaltaWildPlants.com - the online Flora of the Maltese Islands". www.maltawildplants.com. Archived from the original on 2021-05-16. Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 "Lagunaria patersonia". anpsa.org.au. Archived from the original on 2017-04-24. Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ↑ "Lagunaria Swamp Forest on Lord Howe Island - profile | NSW Environment, Energy and Science". www.environment.nsw.gov.au. Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 "Lagunaria patersonia (Andrews) G.Don | Plants of the World Online | Kew Science". Plants of the World Online. Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ↑ 18.0 18.1 "CJB - African plant database - Detail". www.ville-ge.ch. Retrieved 2021-05-15.
- ↑ Mitchell, Andrew S. (1982). "Economic Aspects of the Malvaceae in Australia". Economic Botany. 36 (3): 313–322. ISSN 0013-0001.
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