Lailah
Lailah (Heb. לַיְלָה) is an angel in some interpretations in the Talmud and in some later Jewish mythology.
Etymology[edit]
"Lailah" is the same as the Hebrew word for "night" laylah לילה. The identification of the word "night" as the name of an angel originates with the interpretation of an authority given as Rabbi Yochanan (possibly Yochanan ben Zakkai c. 30 - 90 CE) who interpreted "[a]t night [Abraham] and his servants deployed against them and defeated them” (JPS Genesis 14.14) as "by [an angel called] night" (Sanhedrin 96a).
The noun for "night" in the Semitic languages is derived from the tri-consonantal root: L-Y-L, also found in Arabic laylah "night" (Arabic: ليلى). The root is also shared with the Hebrew noun liliyt, "night creature", one origin of the Lilith myth.[1]
The ending lah is a feminine one. Lailah is the only angel recorded with a feminine name and specifically feminine characteristics.[2]
An angel called "night"[edit]
Hebrew Bible[edit]
An angel Layla is not mentioned in the Hebrew Bible. There is no direct indication of angelic involvement in Abraham's coalition with the kings Chedorlaomer, Tidal, Amraphel and Arioch and their night attack on the kings of Sodom and Gomorrah.[3] "Rabbi Yochanan"'s interpretation of "at night" in Genesis 14:14 is usually seen in the context of the Second Temple period with an increased interest in angels and the Jewish angelic hierarchy.[4]
Talmud[edit]
In the Babylonian Talmud: Sanhedrin 96a the phrase "And he [Abraham] fought against them, he and his servants, "by night" [Hebrew lailah] and smote them." is interpreted by Rabbi Johanan who said "The angel who was appointed to Abraham was named lailah [Night]." Rabbi Isaac the smith also related either God "He", or an angel "he", to the stars fighting against Sisera.
"If I go [to battle] and am successful, I will sacrifice my two sons to thee', he vowed. But his sons heard this, so they killed him, as it is written, And it came to pass, as he was worshipping in the house of Nisroch his god, that Adrammelech and Sharezer his sons smote him with the sword etc.6 And he fought against them, he and his servants, by night [lailah] and smote them.
- R. Johanan said: The angel who was appointed to [aid] Abraham was named lailah [Night].
- as it is written, [Let the day perish wherein I was born], and the Lailah which said, There is a man child conceived.
- R. Isaac, the smith, said: He [the angel] set into motion the activities of the night [viz.. the stars] on his behalf, as it is written, They fought from heaven; the stars in their courses fought against Sisera." Sanhedrian 96, Soncino Talmud
Also in the Talmud, the interpretation is found of rabbi Hanina ben Pappa (3rd century AD), that Lailah is an angel in charge of conception who takes a drop of semen and places it before God, saying:
For R. Hanina b. Papa made the following exposition: The name of the angel who is in charge of conception is 'Night', and she takes up a drop and places it in the presence of the Holy One, blessed be He, saying, 'Sovereign of the universe, what shall be the fate of this drop? Shall it produce a strong man or a weak man, a wise man or a fool, a rich man or a poor man?' (Niddah 16b[5]).
Lailah chooses a soul from the Garden of Eden and commands it to enter the embryo. Lailah watches over the development in the womb and shows the rewards and punishments available to the individual. Then right before birth, Lailah strikes the newborn above the lip, making it forget what was learned and creating the philtrum. Lailah serves as a guardian angel throughout a person's life and at death, leads the soul into the afterlife.[6]
Ellen Frankel notes that God decides the fate of the child when it is conceived and leaves one thing undecided, whether it will be righteous or wicked,[7] allowing it to have free will. According to Howard Schwartz, knowledge is present and then forgotten at birth, much like the Jungian concept of the collective unconscious, and Lailah is the polar opposite of Lilith, who wastes seed, is not maternal, and is bent on destruction, not creation.[8]
Midrash[edit]
Midrash Tanhuma[9] details how Lailah is in charge of conception (לַמַּלְאָךְ הַמְּמֻנָּה עַל הַהֵרָיוֹן) and relates the narrative of how he is instructed to move souls from the Garden of Eden to a mothers womb. Then the angels teach the unborn souls everything except for whether or not they will be a righteous or wicked since those are choices the individual has to make themself. The angel in charge of winds shows the soul Heaven and Gehinnom. Finally they are shown where they will be buried and walk over the whole world. Before birth, the soul argues with the angel, unwilling to go into the physical world (there is no direct reference to Lailah in this passage, the angel is not referred to by name). The angel then "extinguishes the candle over his head and forces the child into the world".
Zohar and Kabbalah[edit]
Following Hanina ben Pappa, also according to the Zohar Chadash 68:3 the angel is in charge of conception and pregnancy.
Contemporary Sources[edit]
The story of Lailah is mentioned by Louis Ginzberg in Legends of the Jews[10] from the Midrash Tanhuma, Pekudei 3, in relation to Hanina ben Pappa's interpretation in Niddah 16b.[11]
Rabbinical commentary on "night" itself[edit]
The word "night" appears hundreds of times in the Hebrew Bible and continues to be the subject of rabbinic discussion. The noun layla is a feminine noun in Hebrew, although grammatical gender does not indicate actual gender in Hebrew. Nevertheless, according to Elijah Ben Solomon, the "Vilna Gaon" (1720–1797), Talmudist, halachist, and kabbalist, the Hebrew noun laylah (night) is feminine in its very essence, but has the unusual quality of dualism that combines the feminine with masculine character.[12] In the Zohar, comparison is made between leyl (masculine noun) and layla (feminine noun) "night" is used in reference to the Exodus "to indicate the union which took place on that night between the Masculine and Feminine aspects in the Divine attributes." (Zohar, Shemoth, Section 2).[13][14][15]
See also[edit]
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- Leela (name) (an ancient Vedic concept denoting playful chaos or action by which God acts and creates and often used as the first name of a Hindu girl)
- Nyx (Greek goddess whose name translates to night)
References[edit]
- ↑ ISBE www.biblestudytools.com entry "Day And Night"
- ↑ "FROM BOOK THREE, MYTHS OF HEAVEN". www.umsl.edu.
- ↑ Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible - Page 232 2000 "After serving Chedorlaomer for 12 years, the cities rebelled and Chedorlaomer retaliated, capturing both and taking their people, including Lot, as booty. Abraham with only 318 men surprised them in a night raid, freeing the captives"
- ↑ Aquila H. I. Lee From Messiah to preexistent son: Jesus' self-consciousness 2005 Page 96 - "Jewish Angelology in Second Temple Judaism: Although references to angels were found from the earliest stage of the OT, ... The new developments include the emergence of named angels, classes of heavenly beings, angelic hierarchy, "
- ↑ "Babylonian Talmud: Niddah 16". halakhah.com.
- ↑ Schwartz, Howard (1 October 1994). Gabriel's Palace: Jewish Mystical Tales. OUP USA. ISBN 9780195093889 – via Google Books. Search this book on
- ↑ Ellen Frankel The five books of Miriam: a woman's commentary on the Torah p3
- ↑ "JBooks.com - Interviews and Profiles: Mysteries of the Angel Lailah". www.jbooks.com.
- ↑ Tanhuma Pekudei 3
- ↑ "The Legends of the Jews Volume 1, by Louis Ginzberg : THE SOUL OF MAN". www.book-lover.com.
- ↑ Howard Jacobson A commentary on Pseudo-Philo's Liber antiquitatum biblicarum 1996 p791 "This is common language about the angels. See e.g. Sanh. 94a, where the angel "Duma" is --------------- and Nidah 16b where the angel "Laila" is ------------. operantem invisibiliter. This presumably means, "works without being."
- ↑ Rabbi Mordecai Kornfeld's Weekly Parasha-Page Why is This Night Different
- ↑ Greg Killian "Hillel ben David" Desire, Zohar, Shemoth, Section 2, Page 38b
- ↑ The Zohar: Volume 3 1984 "To indicate the union which took place on that night between the Masculine and Feminine aspects in the Divine attributes, and also the same union which will take place in the future Redemption : "As in the days of thy coming out of ..."
- ↑ Catherine Swietlicki - Spanish Christian Cabala: the works of Luis de León, Santa Teresa ...1986 "For example, the Zohar says that sensual language must be used in order "to indicate the union which took place on that night between Masculine and Feminine aspects in the Divine attributes, and also the same union which will take place ."
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