Late Ceramic Period (Kansas)
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The Late Ceramic Period (1500 CE - 1800 CE) indicates the era of European presence in the Plains.[1] The tribes in the Plains lived in hunter-gatherer societies. Bison hunting was the most dominant strategy to make a living in the Plains as they provided these groups with food, clothing, and tools. However, many groups also incorporated agriculture as a part of their daily lives.[1] A few significant acquisitions from European trades would end up modifying their daily lives.
History[edit]
Pre-Contact Era[edit]
The land that is now called Kansas was inhabited by various indigenous tribes such as the Wichita, Kansa, Apache, Pawnee, and plenty more. Most of these tribes remained nomadic however, sedentary villages were recorded to have existed as well. In these Villages, tribes like the Wichita lived in grass-covered houses.[2] However, for not long, these villages would serve as homes seasonally. During the cold winters, agriculture would prove to be a difficult challenge. As a result, the Wichita would set out in tipis to hunt the abundant Bison in campsites.[2] When the warm summer arrived, the Wichita tribe would return to their villages fixing any damages to their homes and restoring their previous way of living.[2] Social roles were designated between the men and women who settled in the village. Women were given the duty to plant and harvest crops while the men hunted local game for meat.[2]
European Contact[edit]
Francisco Vasquez de Coronado set out on an expedition to the New World in 1541.[3] Initially beginning from Mexico, their route would take them to present-day Arizona, then to New Mexico, and eventually to Texas. Fueled by stories of gold and riches in the North, Coronado decided to push forward North reaching present-day Oklahoma and eventually Kansas.[3] Journals written by Coronado describe encounters with Buffalo, a tribe called the Quivira, and the Arkansas River, however, there was no gold to be found.[3] The most noteworthy discovery in the North was the presence of fertile, healthy soil. Eventually, this meeting would lead to trade between tribes and the Spanish.
Trade and Ceramics Technology[edit]
Trade[edit]
Trading was a significant market used by multiple indigenous tribes to change undesirable issues. Tribes would trade with one another and with the Europeans.
Tribes would establish trade networks with each other and trade surplus items for necessities or luxury goods. A documented trade network in the Plains involved the Wichita, Commanche, and Kiowa.[2] Among these three tribes, the Wichita were the only sedentary tribe. The Wichita engaged in agriculture which resulted in obtaining resources nomadic tribes would struggle to have access to. Therefore, using their surplus of crops would create pumpkin mats which would be traded to the previously mentioned tribes for buffalo meat to store or use.
Tribes also established trade with the Europeans. Items that were traded with one another were obsidian, guns, glazed paint pottery, beads, metal special-purpose tools, turquoise pendants, and most importantly, horses.[4][1] Previously, Bison were hunted on feet with bows and arrows.[5] The introduction of horses and guns in the Plains led to a higher efficiency of successfully hunting bison across a wide range of territory they nearly went extinct.[5]
Ceramics, Technology, and Artifacts[edit]
Pottery was the most widely known ceramic technology used by the Indigenous tribes. Pottery was made from a major component of clay smoothened out into bowls and jars.[6] Which were used to store food and valuables, preserve food, cook, and vessels to serve food.
Before European presence, Buffalo had been utilized for things other than meat. Their skin was used for tipis, clothing, and hide bags; their bones and horns were used for weapons and special-purpose tools.[2][5] With the access of digging specialized tools, cache pits were dug to store and preserve food when needed. Europeans brought in metal objects such as hoes and buckets to be used for daily tasks.[4]
Artifacts that were recovered in the Plains included ceramic pots, arrow points, glass beads, and fragments of chain mail armor from the Spanish.[1][7] The chain mail found in the Plains is usually linked with Coronado's expedition and evidence of potential trade between the Europeans and Native Tribes.
References[edit]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "Kansas Archeology - Late Ceramic - Kansapedia - Kansas Historical Society". www.kshs.org. Retrieved 2023-10-27.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 "People of the Grass House: 1750-1820". Wichita and Affiliated Tribes. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "Francisco Vasquez de Coronado - Kansapedia - Kansas Historical Society". www.kshs.org. Retrieved 2023-11-15.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 "In the Beginning: 1540-1750". Wichita and Affiliated Tribes. Retrieved 2023-11-15.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 webadmin (2009-08-17). "American Indian & The Buffalo". The Wild West. Retrieved 2023-12-12.
- ↑ Gibbon, Guy E.; Ames, Kenneth M. (1998). Archaeology of Prehistoric Native America: An Encyclopedia. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 978-0-8153-0725-9. Search this book on
- ↑ Wedel, Waldo R. (1990). "Coronado, Quivira, and Kansas: An Archeologist's View". Great Plains Quarterly. 10 (3): 139–151. ISSN 0275-7664. JSTOR 23531317.
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