Leptospira interrogans
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| Leptospira interrogans | |
|---|---|
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Spirochaetae
|
| Class: | Spirochaetes
|
| Order: | Spirochaetales
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| Family: | Leptospiraceae
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| Genus: | |
| Species: | 'Leptospira interrogans
|
Leptospira interrogans is an infectious agent that causes the zoonotic infection Leptospirosis.[1] The prevalence and mortality rates of this disease have been steadily increasing over the past few years, raising serious public health concerns.[2] Leptospirosis is one of the most prevalent zoonotic diseases which can be severe and deadly in untreated cases.
Cell Morphology and Features[edit]
Leptospira interrogans is a gram-negative spirochete that is (6–20 μm) long and (0.1 μm) thick. The bacterium is thin and spiral shaped with hooks at each end. It has two endoflagella (axial filaments) attached at both ends of the cell.[2] The filaments are used for motility, helping the pathogen disseminate in host.[1]
Kingdom: Bacteria
Subkingdom: Negibacteria
Phylum: Spirochaetae
Class: Spirochaetes
Order: Spirochaetales
Family: Leptospiraceae
Genu: Leptospira
Species: Leptospira interrogans
Phylogeny and Genome Evolution[edit]
Leptospira interrogans has approximated 290 serogroups. The leptospiral serogroups result from basic structural differences in carbohydrate components of lipopolysaccharides. Many leptospiral serogroups are adapted for specific mammalian reservoirs.[3] The Pomona serogroup of Leptospira interrogans is of clinical significance because it has been associated with acute leptospirosis infection in both humans and cattle[3] Moreover, one hundred ninety sheep samples of Leptospira species were identified using PCR, MAT, and ELISA techniques. The samples were subjected to secY gene-based sequencing to construct a phylogenetic tree.[3] The Pomona serovar was identified in infected sheep in Uruguay. These findings warrant further investigation on the epidemiologic role of sheep as mammalian reservoirs for Leptospira interrogans for human beings.[4]
Metabolic Details[edit]
Leptospira interrogans is an aerobic bacterium. The spirochete possesses oxidase and catalase enzymes but it does not ferment carbohydrates. Triosephosphate isomerase is essential to the metabolic needs and adaptations of Leptospira interrogans.[5] It is the primary metabolic reflux regulator in Leptospira, playing a significant role in regulating the mode of substrate binding in the organism. The bacterium mitigates environmental stress through Di-GMP-controlled biofilm production. The biofilm formation contributes to the persistence of virulent Leptospira in the environment. Biofilm formation by the bacteria is higly dynamic, leading to a polarized structure. The biofilm matrix is composed of extracellular DNA which improves its cohesiveness. The bacteria withstand various environmental stress factors because the intracellular bis-(3′–5′)-cyclic dimeric guanosine monophosphate (c-di-GMP) regulates biofilm production.[6]
Relevance to Broader System[edit]
Leptospira interrogans can survive in in nutrient-deprived conditions for more than one year while retaining its virulent characteristics.[7] Leptospira lipopolysaccharide is the dominant antigen recognized during Leptospira infections and is the basis for its serological classification.[8] These findings are important in disease prevention because the current available vaccines against Leptospira interrogans have low efficacy. The vaccines do not induce long-term protection from leptospirosis.
References[edit]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Johnson, Douglas I. (2018), Johnson, Douglas I., ed., "Leptospira spp.", Bacterial Pathogens and Their Virulence Factors, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 289–294, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-67651-7_21, ISBN 978-3-319-67651-7, retrieved 2021-12-15
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Picardeau, Mathieu (2020), Leptospira and Leptospirosis, Methods in Molecular Biology, 2134, New York, NY: Springer US, pp. 271–275, doi:10.1007/978-1-0716-0459-5_24, ISBN 978-1-0716-0458-8, PMID 32632877 Check
|pmid=value (help), retrieved 2021-12-15 Unknown parameter|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 Hamond, Camila; Silveira, Caroline S.; Buroni, Florencia; Suanes, Alejandra; Nieves, Cecilia; Salaberry, Ximena; Aráoz, Virginia; Costa, Ricardo A.; Rivero, Rodolfo; Giannitti, Federico; Zarantonelli, Leticia (2019-02-14). "Leptospira interrogansserogroup Pomona serovar Kennewicki infection in two sheep flocks with acute leptospirosis in Uruguay". Transboundary and Emerging Diseases. 66 (3): 1186–1194. doi:10.1111/tbed.13133. ISSN 1865-1674. PMID 30685885. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Mahtab, Md.; Khan, Fatima; Azam, Mohd; Rizvi, Meher; Sultan, Asfia; Shukla, Indu; Almatroudi, Ahmad (2019-08-18). "Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of human pathogenicLeptospiraspecies circulating in a tertiary care hospital of Western Uttar Pradesh in India". Pathogens and Global Health. 113 (6): 275–281. doi:10.1080/20477724.2019.1685196. ISSN 2047-7724. PMC 6913675 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 31818236. - ↑ PAREEK, VIDHI; Dhayabarn, Vaigundan; Balaram, Hemalatha; Krishnaswamy, Patnam R (2020-12-06). "Leptospira interrogans triosephosphate isomerase: exploring the structural determinants of stability, high reaction rate and specificity". dx.doi.org. doi:10.1101/2020.12.04.412312. Retrieved 2021-12-15. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Thibeaux, Roman; Soupé-Gilbert, Marie-Estelle; Kainiu, Malia; Girault, Dominique; Bierque, Emilie; Fernandes, Julien; Bähre, Heike; Douyère, Anthony; Eskenazi, Nicolas; Vinh, Joëlle; Picardeau, Mathieu (2020-06-12). "The zoonotic pathogen Leptospira interrogans mitigates environmental stress through cyclic-di-GMP-controlled biofilm production". NPJ Biofilms and Microbiomes. 6 (1): 24. doi:10.1038/s41522-020-0134-1. ISSN 2055-5008. PMC 7293261 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 32532998 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Bierque, Emilie; Soupé-Gilbert, Marie-Estelle; Thibeaux, Roman; Girault, Dominique; Guentas, Linda; Goarant, Cyrille (2020-07-18). "Leptospira interrogans Retains Direct Virulence After Long Starvation in Water". Current Microbiology. 77 (10): 3035–3043. doi:10.1007/s00284-020-02128-7. ISSN 0343-8651. PMID 32683468 Check
|pmid=value (help). Unknown parameter|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Murray, Gerald L.; Srikram, Amporn; Henry, Rebekah; Hartskeerl, Rudy A.; Sermswan, Rasana W.; Adler, Ben (2010-09-14). "Mutations affecting Leptospira interrogans lipopolysaccharide attenuate virulence". Molecular Microbiology. 78 (3): 701–709. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2010.07360.x. ISSN 0950-382X. PMID 20807198. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help)
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