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Levitation based inertial sensing

From EverybodyWiki Bios & Wiki



Levitation based inertial sensing is a technique for measuring linear acceleration, rotation and orientation of a body. This technique is based on microparticles levitated in vacuum for which the kinematic states of the system can be read out. By exploiting levitation based techniques, inertial sensors such as accelerometers and gyroscopes, can have higher performance than commercial inertial sensors. For example, the world's best accelerometer used in the LISA Pathfinder in-flight experiment is based on a levitation system which reaches a sensitivity of <10−15g/Hz and noise of <10−14m/s2/Hz.[1]

History

The pioneering work related to the microparticle levitation was performed by Artur Ashkin in 1970. He demonstrated optical trapping of dielectric microspheres for the first time, forming an optical levitation system, by using a focused laser beam in air and liquid.[2] This new technology was later named "optical tweezer" and applied in biochemistry and biophysics.[3] Later, significant scientific progress on optically levitated systems was made, for example the cooling of the center of mass motion of a micro- or nanoparticle in the millikelvin regime.[4][5] Very recently a research group published a paper showing motional quantum ground state cooling of a levitated nanoparticle.[6] In addition, levitation based on electrostatic[7][8] and magnetic approaches[9][10][11][12] have also been proposed and realized.

Levitation systems have shown high force sensitivities in the zN/Hz  range. For example, an optically levitated dielectric particle has been shown to exhibit force sensitivities beyond ~ 2×10−20N/Hz[13]. Thus, levitation systems show promise for ultra-sensitive force sensing, such as detection of short-range interactions.[14] By levitating  micro- or mesoparticles with a relatively large mass, this system can be employed as a high-performance inertial sensor, demonstrating nano-g sensitivity.[15]

Method

The basic physics behind a levitation based inertial sensing system is the following. By levitating a micro-object in vacuum and after a cool-down process, the center of mass motion of the micro-object can be controlled and coupled to the kinematic states of the system. Once the system's kinematic state changes (in other words, the system undergoes linear or rotational acceleration), the center of mass motion of the levitated micro-object is affected and yields a signal. This signal is related to the changes of the system's kinematic states and can be read out.

Regarding levitation techniques, there are generally three different approaches: optical, electrostatic and magnetic.

Applications

Levitation based inertial sensors show promise for applications in many different fields. For example, high-performance accelerometers and gyroscopes are employed in inertial measurement units (IMUs) and inertial navigation systems (INSs). These are used in such applications as drone navigation in tunnels and mines, guidance of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), or stabilization of micro-satellites. Levitation based Inertial sensors that have sufficient sensitivity and low noise (<10−9m/s2/Hz) for measurements in the seismic band (0.1mHz to 10Hz) can be used in the field of seismometry, in which current inertial sensors cannot meet the requirements.[16]

There are already some commercial products on the market. One example is the iOSG Superconducting gravity sensor Archived 2019-03-02 at the Wayback Machine, which is based on magnetic levitation and shows a noise of <1(nm/s2)2Hz.[17]

Advantages

Levitation based inertial sensing systems have already shown high performance. For example, the accelerometer used in the LISA Pathfinder in-flight experiment has a sensitivity of <10−15g/Hz and noise of <10−14m/s2/Hz.[18] Compared to superconductivity- or cold atom-based inertial sensors, optical and electrostatic levitation sensors can be more stable, robust and economical, and they have high integrability.

References

  1. ↑ Armano, Michele; et al. (2016). "Sub-femto-g free fall for space-based gravitational wave observatories: LISA pathfinder results". Physical Review Letters. 116 (23): 231101. Bibcode:2016PhRvL.116w1101A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.231101. PMID 27341221.
  2. ↑ Ashkin, Arthur (1970). "Acceleration and Trapping of Particles by Radiation Pressure". Physical Review Letters. 24 (4): 156–159. Bibcode:1970PhRvL..24..156A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.24.156.
  3. ↑ Moffitt, Jeffrey R.; et al. (2008). "Recent Advances in Optical Tweezers". Annual Review of Biochemistry. 77: 205–228. doi:10.1146/annurev.biochem.77.043007.090225. PMID 18307407.
  4. ↑ Li, Tongcang; et al. (2011). "Millikelvin cooling of an optically trapped microsphere in vacuum". Nature Physics. 7 (7): 527–530. arXiv:1101.1283. Bibcode:2011NatPh...7..527L. doi:10.1038/nphys1952.
  5. ↑ Gieseler, Jan; et al. (2012). "Subkelvin parametric feedback cooling of a laser-trapped nanoparticle". Physical Review Letters. 109 (10): 103603. arXiv:1202.6435. Bibcode:2012PhRvL.109j3603G. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.109.103603. PMID 23005289.
  6. ↑ Delić, Uroš; et al. (2020). "Cooling of a levitated nanoparticle to the motional quantum ground state". Science. 367 (6480): 892–895. arXiv:1911.04406. Bibcode:2020Sci...367..892D. doi:10.1126/science.aba3993. PMID 32001522 Check |pmid= value (help).
  7. ↑ Paul, Wolfgang (1990). "Electromagnetic traps for charged and neutral particles". Reviews of Modern Physics. 62 (3): 531–540. Bibcode:1990RvMP...62..531P. doi:10.1103/RevModPhys.62.531.
  8. ↑ Alda, Irene; et al. (2016). "Trapping and manipulation of individual nanoparticles in a planar Paul trap". Applied Physics Letters. 109 (16): 163105. arXiv:1606.04829. Bibcode:2016ApPhL.109p3105A. doi:10.1063/1.4965859.
  9. ↑ Kimball, Derek F. Jackson; et al. (2016). "Precessing Ferromagnetic Needle Magnetometer". Physical Review Letters. 116 (19): 190801. Bibcode:2016PhRvL.116s0801J. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.190801. PMID 27232012.
  10. ↑ Hsu, Jen-Feng; et al. (2016). "Cooling the Motion of Diamond Nanocrystals in a Magneto-Gravitational Trap in High Vacuum". Scientific Reports. 6: 30125. arXiv:1603.09243. Bibcode:2016NatSR...630125H. doi:10.1038/srep30125. PMC 4957077. PMID 27444654.
  11. ↑ Slezak, Bradley R; et al. (2018). "Cooling the motion of a silica microsphere in a magneto-gravitational trap in ultra-high vacuum". New Journal of Physics. 20 (6): 063028. arXiv:1802.03424. Bibcode:2018NJPh...20f3028S. doi:10.1088/1367-2630/aacac1.
  12. ↑ Timberlake, Chris; et al. (2019). "Acceleration sensing with magnetically levitated oscillators above a superconductor". Applied Physics Letters. 115 (22): 224101. arXiv:1910.07078. Bibcode:2019ApPhL.115v4101T. doi:10.1063/1.5129145.
  13. ↑ Gieseler, Jan; et al. (2013). "Thermal nonlinearities in a nanomechanical oscillator". Nature Physics. 9 (12): 806–810. arXiv:1307.4684. Bibcode:2013NatPh...9..806G. doi:10.1038/nphys2798.
  14. ↑ Diehl, Rozenn; et al. (2018). "Optical levitation and feedback cooling of a nanoparticle at subwavelength distances from a membrane". Physical Review A. 98 (1): 013851. Bibcode:2018PhRvA..98a3851D. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.98.013851.
  15. ↑ Monteiro, Fernando; et al. (2017). "Optical levitation of 10-ng spheres with nano-g acceleration sensitivity". Physical Review A. 96 (6): 063841. arXiv:1711.04675. Bibcode:2017PhRvA..96f3841M. doi:10.1103/PhysRevA.96.063841.
  16. ↑ Ingate, Shane; Berger, Jean-Philippe (2004). "Prospects for Low-Frequency Seismometry : A Report of the IRIS Broadband Seismometer Workshop". Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  17. ↑ "iOSG™ Superconducting Gravity Sensors". Archived from the original on 2019-03-02. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  18. ↑ Armano, Michele; et al. (2016). "Sub-femto-g free fall for space-based gravitational wave observatories: LISA pathfinder results". Physical Review Letters. 116 (23): 231101. Bibcode:2016PhRvL.116w1101A. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.116.231101. PMID 27341221.


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