List of ions
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This is a list of simple ions, indexed according to the periodic table. Simple ions in the list are defined as ≤5 non-H atoms.
Alkali metals and alkaline earth metals[edit]
| Elements | Ions | Colors | Examples | Properties |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| H | H+ | colorless | HClO4 | |
| H− | colorless | NaH | H− + H2O = OH− + H2(g) | |
| Li | Li− | Li+(calix[4]pyrrole)Li−[1] | ||
| Li+ | colorless | LiNO3 | (abbr. for [Li(H2O)4]+ or [Li(H2O)6]+) Flame test of Li+ is crimson red | |
| Na | Na+ | colorless | NaCl | (abbr. for [Na(H2O)n]+, n=4 - 6[2]） Flame test of Na+ is yellow |
| K | K+ | colorless | KI | (abbr. for [K(H2O)n]+, n=6, 7,[3] 8[4]) Flame test of K+ is lilac |
| Rb | Rb+ | colorless | RbCl | |
| Cs | Cs+ | colorless | CsCl | |
| Be | Be2+ | colorless | BeSO4 | very toxic |
| BeF42− | colorless | (NH4)2BeF4 | ||
| BeCl42− | colorless | Cs2BeCl4 | unstable | |
| [Be(OH)4]2− | colorless | Na2[Be(OH)4] | [Be(OH)4]2− + 4 H+ = Be(OH)2(s) + 2 H2O | |
| Mg | Mg2+ | colorless | MgCl2 | |
| Ca | Ca2+ | colorless | CaCl2 | |
| Sr | Sr2+ | colorless | SrCl2 | |
| Ba | Ba2+ | colorless | BaCl2 | toxic Ba2+ + CO32− = BaCO3 Ba2+ + SO42− = BaSO4 |
Group 3 elements[edit]
| Elements | Ions | Colors | Examples | Properties |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sc | Sc3+ | colorless | Sc(NO3)3 | |
| [Sc(OH)6]3− | colorless | K3[Sc(OH)6] | ||
| Y | Y3+ | colorless | ||
| La | La3+ | colorless | ||
| Ce | Ce3+ | colorless[5] | Ce(NO3)3 | |
| Ce4+ | orange-yellow[6] | Ce(SO4)2 | ||
| Pr | Pr3+ | green[5] | Pr(NO3)3 | |
| Th | Th4+ | colorless | Th(NO3)4 | Th4+ + 4 OH− = Th(OH)4(s) |
| U | U3+ | brown-red | UCl3 | |
| U4+ | green | |||
| UO2+ | unstable | |||
| UO22+ | yellow[7] | UO2(NO3)2 |
Group 4 - 7 elements[edit]
| Elements | Ions | Colors | Examples | Properties |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Ti | Ti3+ | violet | Ti2(SO4)3 | (abbr. for [Ti(H2O)6]3+) reductant |
| TiO2+ | (abbr. for [TiO(H2O)5]2+) | |||
| TiF62− | colorless | K2TiF6 | ||
| TiCl62− | yellow | Cs2TiCl6 | ||
| TiBr62− | red | |||
| Zr | Zr4+ | colorless | Zr(NO3)4.5H2O | (abbr. for [Zr(H2O)8]4+) |
| ZrO2+ | colorless | ZrO(NO3)2 | (abbr. for [Zr4(OH)8(H2O)16]8+[4]) | |
| Hf | Hf4+ | colorless | (abbr. for [Hf(H2O)8]4+) | |
| Cr | Cr2+ | light blue | CrSO4 | (abbr. for [Cr(H2O)6]2+) reductant |
| Cr3+ | grayish green | Cr(NO3)3 | (abbr. for [Cr(H2O)6]3+) | |
| CrO42− | orange | K2CrO4 | ||
| Cr2O72− | yellow | K2Cr2O7 |
Group 8 - 10 elements[edit]
| Elements | Ions | Colors | Examples | Properties |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Fe | [Fe(CO)4]2− | |||
| Fe2+ | light green | FeSO4.7H2O | Fe2+ + 2 OH− = Fe(OH)2 Fe2+ + CO32− = FeCO3 | |
| Fe3+ | pale purple | NH4Fe(SO4)2 | ||
| [Fe(phen)3]2+ | dark red | |||
| [Fe(phen)3]3+ | light blue | |||
| FeO42− | purple | K2FeO4 | strong oxidant | |
| Co | [Co(CO)4]− | K[Co(CO)4] | oxidized in air | |
| Co2+ | pink | Co(NO3)2.6H2O | ||
| [Co(NH3)6]2+ | ||||
| [Co(NH3)6]3+ | orange | [Co(NH3)6](NO3)3 | stable | |
| Ni | Ni2+ | green | Ni(NO3)2 | Ni2+ + 2 OH− = Ni(OH)2 |
| [Ni(NH3)6]2+ | blue | |||
| [NiF4]2− | ||||
| [NiCl4]2− | ||||
| [NiBr4]2− | [Ph4P]2[NiBr4][8] | |||
| [NiI4]2− | red | |||
| [Ni(CN)4]2− | yellow | K2[Ni(CN)4] |
Group 11 - 12 elements[edit]
| Elements | Ions | Colors | Examples | Properties |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cu | Cu2+ | blue | Cu(NO3)2 | (abbr. for [Cu(H2O)4]2+ or [Cu(H2O)6]2+[4] |
| [Cu(NH3)4]2+ | dark blue | [Cu(NH3)4](NO3)2 | decompose by acids | |
| Ag | Ag+ | colorless | AgNO3 | 2 Ag+ + 2 OH− = Ag2O + H2O (r.t.) |
| [Ag(NH3)2]+[9] | colorless | [Ag(NH3)2]OH | decompose by acids | |
| AgCl2− | colorless | AgCl in conc. Cl− solution | ||
| [Ag(CN)2]− | colorless | toxic | ||
| Au | AuCl4− | yellow | NaAuCl4 | |
| AuBr4− | purple | KAuBr4 | ||
| Zn | Zn2+ | colorless | Zn(NO3)2 | white in silicate garden |
| [Zn(NH3)4]2+ | colorless | [Zn(NH3)4](OH)2 | ||
| [Zn(OH)4]2− | colorless | |||
| [Zn(CN)4]2− | colorless | K2[Zn(CN)4] | toxic | |
| Cd | Cd2+ | colorless | Cd(NO3)2 | |
| Hg | Hg22+ | colorless | Hg2(NO3)2 | (abbr. for [Hg2(H2O)6]2+[4]) |
| Hg2+ | colorless | Hg(NO3)2 | (abbr. for [Hg(H2O)6]2+ very toxic |
Boron group and carbon group[edit]
| Elements | Ions | Colors | Examples | Properties |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| B | BH4− | colorless | NaBH4 | strong reductant |
| BF4− | colorless | HBF4 | non-coordinating anion | |
| Al | Al3+ | colorless | Al(NO3)3 | |
| C | CO32− | colorless | Na2CO3 | |
| HCO3− | colorless | NaHCO3 | ||
| CN− | colorless | KCN | very toxic CN− + H+ = HCN | |
| Si | SiO32− | colorless | Na2SiO3 | SiO32− + 2 H+ = H2SiO3 |
| SiF62− | colorless | Na2[SiF6] | ||
| Ge | GeO32− | colorless | Na2GeO3 | |
| Sn | Sn2+ | colorless | SnCl2 | Reductant exist in acidic solution |
| Pb | Pb2+ | colorless | Pb(NO3)2 | Pb2+ + 2 I− = PbI2(s) |
Pnictogens and chalcogens[edit]
| Elements | Ions | Colors | Examples | Properties |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | NH4+ | colorless | NH4Cl | |
| N3− | Na3N | react with water | ||
| NH2− | NaNH2 | react with water | ||
| N3− | NaN3 | very toxic | ||
| NO2− | NaNO2 | toxic | ||
| NO3− | colorless | KNO3 | oxidant | |
| P | PH4+ | colorless | PH4I | dec. in water |
| PO43− | colorless | Na3PO4 | ||
| P2O74− | colorless | Na4P2O7 | ||
| PF6− | colorless | KPF6 | non-coordinating anion | |
| O | OH− | colorless | NaOH | corrosive |
| O22− | Na2O2 | ionic peroxides react with water | ||
| O2− | Al2O3 | |||
| S | S2− | colorless | Na2S | |
| S22− | Na2S2 | S22− + 2 H+ = H2S + S | ||
| S2O32− | colorless | Na2S2O3 | S2O32− + 2H+ = SO2 + S + H2O | |
| SO32− | colorless | Na2SO3 | SO32− + 2 H+ = H2O + SO2 | |
| SO42− | colorless | K2SO4 |
Halogens and noble gases[edit]
| Elements | Ions | Colors | Examples | Properties |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| F | F− | colorless | CsF | |
| HF2− | colorless | KHF2 | unstable towards heat | |
| Cl | Cl− | colorless | NaCl | Cl− + Ag+ = AgCl |
| OCl− | NaOCl | strong oxidant | ||
| ClO2− | NaClO2 | |||
| ClO3− | colorless | KClO3 | ||
| ClO4− | colorless | KClO4 | ||
| Br | Br− | colorless | KBr | |
| BrO3− | colorless | KBrO3 | oxidant | |
| I | I2+ | blue | ||
| I3+ | red-brown | |||
| I− | colorless | KI | reductant 2 I− + Cl2 = 2 Cl− + I2 2 I− + Br2 = 2 Br− + I2 | |
| I3− | CsI3 | |||
| IO3− | colorless | KIO3 | ||
| ICl4− | KICl4 | |||
| IO4− | colorless | KIO4 | ||
| He | HHe+ | extremely strong acid | ||
| Ar | HAr+ | found in space | ||
| Xe | XeO64− | Na4XeO6 | strong oxidant | |
| HXeO4− | CsHXeO4 |
References[edit]
- ↑ Wei Chen, Zhi-Ru Li, Di Wu, et al. Nonlinear Optical Properties of Alkalides Li+(calix[4]pyrrole)M− (M = Li, Na, and K): Alkali Anion Atomic Number Dependence. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2006, 128 (4), pp 1072–1073
- ↑ Lincoln, S.F.; Richens, D.T.; Sykes, A.G. (2004). "Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry II": 515. doi:10.1016/B0-08-043748-6/01055-0. ISBN 978-0-08-043748-4.
|chapter=ignored (help)) - ↑ Lincoln, S. F.; Richens, D. T. and Sykes, A. G. "Metal Aqua Ions" in J. A. McCleverty and T. J. Meyer (eds.) Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry II, Vol. 1, pp. 515–555, ISBN 978-0-08-043748-4 Search this book on
..
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Hydrated metal ions in aqueous solution: How regular are their structures. Pure Appl. Chem., 82 (10): 1901-1917, 2010
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Cotton, Simon (2006). Lanthanide and Actinide Chemistry. John Wiley & Sons Ltd
- ↑ Sroor, Farid M.A.; Edelmann, Frank T. (2012). "Lanthanides: Tetravalent Inorganic". Encyclopedia of Inorganic and Bioinorganic Chemistry. ISBN 9781119951438 Search this book on .. doi:10.1002/9781119951438.eibc2033.
- ↑ Seaborg, Glenn T. (1968). "Uranium". The Encyclopedia of the Chemical Elements. Skokie, Illinois: Reinhold Book Corporation. pp. 773–786. LCCCN 68-29938
- ↑ Goodgame, D. M. L.; Goodgame, M.; Cotton, F. A. (October 1961). "Electronic Spectra of Some Tetrahedral Nickel(II) Complexes". Journal of the American Chemical Society. 83 (20): 4161–4167. doi:10.1021/ja01481a014.
- ↑ Nilsson, K. B., Persson, I., Kessler, V. G., "Coordination Chemistry of the Solvated AgI and AuI Ions in Liquid and Aqueous Ammonia, Trialkyl and Triphenyl Phosphite, and Tri-n-butylphosphine Solutions", Inorganic Chemistry 2006, volume 45, pp. 6912. doi:10.1021/ic060175v
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