Mobile application for stutter therapy
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| Mobile application helps to make a speech |
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Stuttering therapy is any of the various treatment methods that attempt to reduce stuttering to some degree in an individual.[1] Stuttering can be a challenge to treat because there is a lack of evidence-based consensus about therapy.[2] Some believe that there is no cure for the condition.[2]
Approaches
Stuttering refers to a set of disruptions in speech in which the person who stutters (PWS) knows exactly what s/he wants to speak, but at that time s/he is not able to say it due to dysfluencies like blocks, repetitions or prolongations of sounds, syllables or words. Usually, stuttering is a developmental speech disorder in which the forward flow of speech is interrupted by repetitions of sounds, words, and/or the prolongation of sounds. [3]
There are many different approaches to stuttering therapy. While some believe that there is no cure for the condition,[2][4] stuttering can be reduced and even eliminated with appropriate timely intervention,[4] and various therapy methods have reduced stuttering in individuals to some degree. In any case, for all persons who stutter, the success of speech therapy depends on the combination of education, training, and individualized treatment provided.[2]
For a child that stutters, the focus of treatment is to prevent the worsening of the condition, and families play an important role in the process. Successful elimination of mild stuttering is likely when treatment is initiated before four years of age. For those who have more advanced forms of stuttering and secondary behaviors, therapy is generally a variation or combination of two approaches: a fluency-shaping technique that replaces stuttering with controlled fluency, and stuttering modification therapy, which focuses on reducing the severity of stuttering.[2]
Mobile applications
There are specialized mobile applications and PC programs for stutter treatment. The goal pursued by the applications of this kind is speech cycle restoration – I say –>I hear –>I build a phrase –>I say and so on, using various methods of stutter correction.[5]
The user interacts with the application through altered auditory feedback: they say something into the headset’s microphone and listen to their own voice in the headphones processed by a certain method.[5]
The following stutter correction methods are typically used in applications:
- MAF (Masking auditory feedback). It is basically masking by “white noise” or sinus noises of the user’s own speech. Scientists believe that stutterers can speak smoother when they do not hear their own speech. This method is considered old-fashioned and ineffective.[6][7][8]
- DAF (Delayed auditory feedback). This method involves sending the user’s voice from the microphone to the headphones with a delay of fractions of a second. The goal of this method is to teach the stutterers to drawl vowels and reduce the speech rate. After speech correction with long delays, the application is adjusted at shorter delays which increase the speech rate until it becomes normal.[9][10]
- FAF (Frequency-shifted auditory feedback). This method involves shifting the user’s voice tone frequency that they are listening to compared to their own voice. The shift range can be different: from several semitones to half an octave.[11][12][13]
- Using metronomes and tempo correctors. Rhythmic metronome strikes are used in this method. The effectiveness of the method is related to the fact that rhythm has positive effect on a stutterer, especially when pronouncing slowly.[14]
- Using visual feedback. This method determines the user’s speech parameters (for instance, speech tempo) and their representation on screen as visual information. The principal goal of the method is allowing the user to effectively manage their voice through achieving the defined targeted parameters. It is supposed that the user sees visual representation of both current and targeted parameters (such as speech tempo) on the screen while pronouncing.[15][16]
The comparative properties of various mobile applications for the treatment of stuttering are listed in the following table:[5]
| STUTTERING - SPEECH THERAPY | Stuttering Speech Therapy -
DAF-Logotherapy |
Zaikanie.NET | BREATHMAKER | DAF
Professional |
MPiStutter | axSoft
Speech corrector |
Stamurai -
Stuttering / Stammering Treatment App |
Speech Jammer | Kekemelik Egzersizleri | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Operating system | iOS | Android | Windows | Windows | Android
iOS |
iOS | Android
Windows |
Android | iOS | Android |
| DAF | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | + | |
| FAF | + | + | + | + | + | |||||
| Metronome | + | + | ||||||||
| Vibro-metronome | + | |||||||||
| Rhyming text | + | + | + | + | + | |||||
| Speech tempo indicator | + | + | + | |||||||
| Facial view expressions from camera | + | + | ||||||||
| Timer | + | + | ||||||||
| Background mode | + | + | + | + | + | + | + |
References
- ↑ Stuttering Archived 2011-07-18 at the Wayback Machine. National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (2002–05). Retrieved on 2008-08-25.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Prasse, JE; Kikano, GE (1 May 2008). "Stuttering: an overview". American Family Physician. 77 (9): 1271–6. PMID 18540491.
- ↑ Blomgren, M. 2013. Behavioral treatments for children and adults who stutter: a review. Journal Psychol Res Behav Manag. 6, 9–19. Published online 2013 June 10.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 What is the treatment for stuttering? Health-cares.net. Retrieved on 2008-08-27.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 "Electronic Devices, Software and Apps". Stuttering Foundation: A Nonprofit Organization Helping Those Who Stutter. Retrieved 2019-11-21.
- ↑ Kalinowski, J.; Armson, J.; Roland-Mieszkowski, M.; Stuart, A.; Gracco, V. L. (1993). "Effects of alterations in auditory feedback and speech rate on stuttering frequency". Language and Speech. 36 ( Pt 1): 1–16. doi:10.1177/002383099303600101. ISSN 0023-8309. PMID 8345771.
- ↑ Jacks, Adam; Haley, Katarina L. (2015). "Auditory Masking Effects on Speech Fluency in Apraxia of Speech and Aphasia: Comparison to Altered Auditory Feedback". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 58 (6): 1670–1686. doi:10.1044/2015_JSLHR-S-14-0277. ISSN 1092-4388. PMC 4987030. PMID 26363508.
- ↑ Burke, Bryan D. (1969-09-01). "Reduced auditory feedback and stuttering". Behaviour Research and Therapy. 7 (3): 303–308. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(69)90011-4. ISSN 0005-7967.
- ↑ Bothe Anne K.; Finn Patrick; Bramlett Robin E. (2007-02-01). "Pseudoscience and the SpeechEasy: Reply to Kalinowski, Saltuklaroglu, Stuart, and Guntupalli (2007)". American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology. 16 (1): 77–83. doi:10.1044/1058-0360(2007/010).
- ↑ Picoloto, Luana Altran; Cardoso, Ana Cláudia Vieira; Cerqueira, Amanda Venuti; Oliveira, Cristiane Moço Canhetti de (2017-12-07). "Effect of delayed auditory feedback on stuttering with and without central auditory processing disorders". CoDAS. 29 (6): e20170038. doi:10.1590/2317-1782/201720170038. ISSN 2317-1782. PMID 29236907.
- ↑ Kalinowski, Joseph; Armson, Joy; Stuart, Andrew; Gracco, Vincent L. (1993). "Effects of Alterations in Auditory Feedback and Speech Rate on Stuttering Frequency". Language and Speech. 36 (1): 1–16. doi:10.1177/002383099303600101. ISSN 0023-8309. PMID 8345771.
- ↑ Zimmerman Stephen; Kalinowski Joseph; Stuart Andrew; Rastatter Michael (1997-10-01). "Effect of Altered Auditory Feedback on People Who Stutter During Scripted Telephone Conversations". Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research. 40 (5): 1130–1134. doi:10.1044/jslhr.4005.1130. PMID 9328884.
- ↑ Howell, Peter; Davis, Stephen; Bartrip, Jon; Wormald, Laura (2004-09-01). "Effectiveness of frequency shifted feedback at reducing disfluency for linguistically easy, and difficult, sections of speech (original audio recordings included)". Stammering Research : An On-line Journal Published by the British Stammering Association. 1 (3): 309–315. ISSN 1742-5867. PMC 2312336. PMID 18418474.
- ↑ Brady, John Paul (1969-05-01). "Studies on the metronome effect on stuttering". Behaviour Research and Therapy. 7 (2): 197–204. doi:10.1016/0005-7967(69)90033-3. ISSN 0005-7967. PMID 5808691.
- ↑ Hudock, Daniel; Dayalu, Vikram N.; Saltuklaroglu, Tim; Stuart, Andrew; Zhang, Jianliang; Kalinowski, Joseph (2011). "Stuttering inhibition via visual feedback at normal and fast speech rates". International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders. 46 (2): 169–178. doi:10.3109/13682822.2010.490574. ISSN 1460-6984. PMID 21401815.
- ↑ Chesters, Jennifer; Baghai-Ravary, Ladan; Möttönen, Riikka (2015). "The effects of delayed auditory and visual feedback on speech production". The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America. 137 (2): 873–883. Bibcode:2015ASAJ..137..873C. doi:10.1121/1.4906266. ISSN 0001-4966. PMC 4477042. PMID 25698020.
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