Morina
Morina is a plant genus under the family Caprifoliaeceae, which is a type of angiosperm. This genus consists of 13 species commonly found in a wide range of locations.[1] Morina was named after Louis-Pierre Morin (1635-1715), who was a famous French physician and botanist. Some species of the Morina genus are aromatic and have a past history of being used in traditional Chinese, Tibetian, and Indian medicine.[2]
| Morina | |
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| Inflorescence of M. longifolia | |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Dipsacales |
| Family: | Caprifoliaceae |
| Subfamily: | Morinoideae |
| Genus: | Morina L. |
| Species | |
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Description[edit]
Commonly known as the whorl flower, Morina is a dicotyledonous flowering plant usually found in the form of shrubs.[3] It is a perennial that has spiny margined leaves and a long, interrupted spike of flowers.[3] Leaves are long and aromatic with a pointed, spiny apex.[3] Flowers form tubular whorls and are white in color, turning pink when they are pollinated.[4] Flowers also have a long corolla tube, and paired bracts, which are fused at its enlarged base, support the whorl of flowers.[3] Morina produce seeds as their main way of propagation.[4]
Taxonomy[edit]
According to the Plant List, there are 13 recognized and accepted species of the Morina genus.[5] Of these 13, 5 are especially important in the usage of traditional medicine, containing phytochemicals that are used to treat tumors, maggot wounds, boils, and unconsciousness.[2] The Morina genus got its name from Louis-Pierre Morin (1635-1715), who was a French physician and botanist.[2][3]
Species[edit]
- Morina chinensis
- Morina chlorantha
- Morina kokonorica
- Morina longifolia
- Morina lorifolia
- Morina nepalensis[5]
Sibling Genera[edit]
- Acanthocalyx
- Cryptothladia[2]
Phylogenetic Placement[edit]
The Morina genus has 13 recognized species in the world.[6] The placement of the Morina genus, and more generally, the organization of the Dipsacaceae family, which hosts this genus, have long been contended. Although the Dipsacaceae family is recognized as a monophyletic unit, the taxonomic arrangement of it has widely varied. For example, while Bentham & Hooker reported only 5 genera in the Dipsacaceae family, others, such as van Tieghem, reported as many as 19 genera. [7] This disparity is mostly due to the morphological similarities, uniformity, that exist among the Dipsacaceae family. Different studies have placed this genus, Morina, in a variety of families and subfamilies, yet most recently it has been placed within the family Caprifoliaceae.[8]
Distribution and Habitat[edit]
Plants in the genus Morina can grow at high elevations, up to 4,200 meters.[9] For example, Morina longifolia has been found at heights of 3,000-3,500 meters in Uttarakhand, a Himalayan state of India.[10] Generally plants in this genus can occupy a wide range of habitats.[3]
The geographical locations where plants of this genus have been documented extend from southern Europe to the Himalayas in Nepal, Bhutan, China, and in the east and north of the Qinghai – Tibetan plateau.[11]
Ecological Relationships: Pollination[edit]
The pollination strategy of this genus is not well known but there are a few morphological features indicating that these are not wind pollinated, and rather, that they are insect pollinated.[12] For example, plants in this genus tend to have a long, narrow corolla tube. This morphological character seems to be an adaptation for pollinators with a long tongue. Additionally, some species in the Morina, including Morina longifolia, have flowers which open in the evening and are white. These characteristics suggest that their main pollinators may be moths. It is pertinent to note that the color of the flowers in some species in the Morina genus can change throughout the plant’s lifetime. For example, the flowers of Morina longifolia which are white can become red.[13]
Ecological Relationships: Disease or Pests[edit]
There have been no reports on diseases and pest affecting this genus, yet it is know that some plants in this genus can produce biopesticides and antioxidants.[14] This suggests that there may be disease or pests that affect this genus, yet as previously stated, these have not been documented.
Human Uses[edit]
Other Uses[edit]
Used as an incense. The roots yield 0.34% essential oil.[2]
Reference section[edit]
- ↑ Bell, Charles D.; Donoghue, Michael J. (2003-01-01). "Phylogeny and biogeography of Morinaceae (Dipsacales) based on nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequences". Organisms Diversity & Evolution. 3 (3): 227–237. doi:10.1078/1439-6092-00077. ISSN 1439-6092.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 Kumar, Arvind; Varshney, Vinay K.; Rawat, Mohan S. M.; Sahrawat, Seema (2013). "Chemical Constituents of Morina Genus: A Comprehensive Review" (PDF). American Journal of Essential Oils and Natural Products. 1 (3): 1–15.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 Joshi, R. K. 2013. Genus Morina: valuable aromatic plants for herbal drug. VRI Phytomedicine, 1(2), 81-84.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Plant of the Month for February, 2013 | Ontario Rock Garden & Hardy Plant Society". www.onrockgarden.com. Retrieved 2020-11-29.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 "Morina — The Plant List". www.theplantlist.org. Retrieved 2020-11-29.
- ↑ Ghareghan, F., Ghanbarian, G., Pourghasemi, H. R., & Safaeian, R. 2020. Prediction of habitat suitability of Morina persica L. species using artificial intelligence techniques. Ecological Indicators, 112, 106096.
- ↑ Caputo, P., & Cozzolino, S. 1994. A cladistic analysis of Dipsacaceae (Dipsacales). Plant systematics and evolution, 189(1-2), 41-61.
- ↑ "Morina", The Plant List (version 1.1), retrieved 2014-09-19
- ↑ Bell, C. D., & Donoghue, M. J. 2003. Phylogeny and biogeography of Morinaceae (Dipsacales) based on nuclear and chloroplast DNA sequences. Organisms Diversity & Evolution, 3(3), 227-237.
- ↑ Polunin, O., & Stainton, A. 1984. Flowers of the Himalaya. Oxford University Press.
- ↑ Ghareghan, F., Ghanbarian, G., Pourghasemi, H. R., & Safaeian, R. 2020. Prediction of habitat suitability of Morina persica L. species using artificial intelligence techniques. Ecological Indicators, 112, 106096.
- ↑ Yousuf, S., Bachheti, R. K., Joshi, A., & Bhat, M. U. D. 2011. In vitro antibacterial screening of different extracts of Morina longifolia on pathogenic microorganisms. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 3, 303-306.
- ↑ Hofmann U., Bittrich V. 2016. Morinaceae. In: Kadereit J., Bittrich V. (eds) Flowering Plants. Eudicots. The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants, vol 14. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-28534-4_25
- ↑ Kumar, A., Varshney, V. K., Prasad, R., Rawat, M. S., & Stashenko, E. E. 2013. In vitro antioxidant, antifungal and antibacterial activities of essential oil of Morina longifolia Wall. leaves. Journal of Biologically Active Products from Nature, 3(3), 183-193.
External links section[edit]
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