📜 Post with us on Reddit
📝 Create a new article
🏭 Create a company page
🇬🇧 - in English
🇫🇷 - en Français (FR)
🇵🇹 - em Português (PT)
🇩🇪 - auf Deutsch (DE)
🇯🇵 - 日本語で (JA)
Sponsored articles

You can edit almost every page by Creating an account and confirming your email.

Multiple Demand Network

From EverybodyWiki Bios & Wiki


Multiple Demand Network The Multiple Demand Network (MD or MDN) is a large-scale brain network that is activated across a wide variety of cognitively demanding tasks.[1][2] The network consists of frontal, parietal, and insular regions that show consistent co-activation during tasks requiring higher cognitive functions, including working memory, attention, and inhibitory control.[3]

Overview

The Multiple Demand Network was initially proposed by John Duncan in 2010, who observed that certain brain regions are consistently recruited across diverse cognitive demands including novelty, perceptual difficulty, response conflict, and different memory types.[4] Rather than being specialized for specific cognitive operations, these regions appear to support general-purpose executive processing.[5] Damage to the MD network has been shown in several studies to correlate with the degree of decline in higher cognitive function.

Anatomical Components

Core Regions

The core MDN encompasses several bilateral brain areas:[6][7]

Lateral prefrontal cortex (LPFC) in the inferior frontal sulcus (IFS) Anterior insula/frontal operculum (AI/FO) Dorsal anterior cingulate/pre-supplementary motor area (ACC/pre-SMA) Anterior frontal cortex (AFC) Intraparietal sulcus (IPS)

Meta-analytic studies have identified the most robust core components as the bilateral anterior insula (aINS), bilateral inferior frontal junction (IFJ), and posterior medial frontal cortex extending from the pre-SMA to the midcingulate cortex (MCC).[8][9]

Extended Multiple Demand Network

Research using task-dependent and task-independent functional connectivity analyses has identified an extended MDN (eMDN) that includes additional regions:[10]

Bilateral intraparietal sulcus (IPS) Middle frontal gyrus (MFG)/inferior frontal sulcus (IFS) Dorsal premotor cortex (dPMC) Subcortical structures: putamen and mediodorsal thalamus Left inferior temporal gyrus (ITG)

Functional Characteristics

Cognitive Functions

The MDN is involved in various higher-order cognitive processes:[11][12][13]

Working memory – maintaining and manipulating information Attention – both vigilant attention and attentional control Inhibitory control – suppressing inappropriate responses Cognitive flexibility – switching between tasks or mental sets Novel learning – particularly vocabulary acquisition

Studies using repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) have demonstrated that stimulating MD regions in healthy participants improves both accuracy and response times during early stages of learning pseudoword-object associations, though not for established vocabulary.[14]

Task-General Activation

A defining characteristic of the MDN is its task-general activation pattern.[15][16] The network shows consistent recruitment regardless of the specific cognitive domain being tested, suggesting it implements domain-general control processes rather than content-specific operations.

Sub-Networks

Hierarchical clustering analyses based on resting-state connectivity, task co-activation, and functional profiles have revealed three functional cliques within the eMDN:[17]

Subcortical Group

The bilateral putamen and thalamus form a distinct subcortical clique associated with sensorimotor processing, action execution, perception, and pain processing.[18]

Core Control Group

The pre-SMA/midcingulate cortex, anterior insula, and MFG/IFS function as the organizational core, coordinating and initiating cognitive control.[19] This group overlaps substantially with the salience network and is associated with language, working memory, sensation, action preparation, and attention.[20]

Flexible Workers Group

The IFJ, IPS, dPMC, and left ITG are dynamically recruited based on specific task demands.[21] These regions are involved in spatial cognition, reasoning, working memory implementation, and attentional processing.

Clinical Significance

Structural Damage

Lesions restricted to MDN components have been shown to be predictive of fluid intelligence deficits, whereas lesions outside these regions were not predictive even when located in similar parts of the cortex.[22] Several behavioral and neuroimaging studies have suggested an important role for the MD network in recovery from aphasia.[23] Post-stroke studies show that recovery from language deficits can be predicted by the strength of activity in the MD network.[24]

Mental Illness

A 2017 meta-analysis including 5,493 patients and 5,728 controls identified a common pattern of impaired MD activity that parallels the network observed in intact cognition.[25] The analysis included imaging studies investigating different tasks performed by patients with:

Schizophrenia Bipolar disorder Unipolar depression Anxiety disorders Substance use disorders

The consistent finding of altered MD function across diverse mental health conditions suggests the network represents a convergent substrate for cognitive impairments in psychiatric illness.[26]

Relationship to Other Networks

The MDN shows substantial overlap with several other functionally defined brain networks:[27]

Salience Network – The aINS and pre-SMA/MCC core components are central nodes of the salience network[28] Frontoparietal Control Network – Shows similar anatomical distribution and functional profile[29] Dorsal Attention Network – Shares parietal and frontal components, particularly IPS and dPMC[30] Ventral Attention Network – Overlaps particularly in anterior insula and MFG regions[31] Task-Positive Network – Represents areas activated during goal-directed tasks[32] Cognitive Control Network – Shows convergent activation patterns[33]

This convergence across multiple network definitions suggests these various conceptualizations may describe different aspects of the same fundamental neural system supporting executive control.[34]

Research Methods

The MDN has been characterized using multiple neuroimaging approaches:

Task-based fMRI – Identifying regions consistently activated across cognitive tasks Meta-analysis – Aggregating results from hundreds of studies using activation likelihood estimation[35] Resting-state functional connectivity – Examining intrinsic connectivity patterns[36] Meta-analytic connectivity modeling (MACM) – Identifying co-activation patterns across tasks[37]

Theoretical Implications

The existence of the MDN challenges traditional models of cognitive architecture that assume strict modularity.[38] Instead, the network supports theories proposing: Domain-general executive processes that can be flexibly applied across different cognitive domains[39] Hierarchical control systems with core regions coordinating more specialized processors[40] Network-based rather than region-based organization of higher cognition[41] A general factor underlying diverse executive abilities, consistent with concepts like the g factor of intelligence[42]

See Also

Executive functions Salience network Frontoparietal network Cognitive control Working memory Fluid intelligence Default mode network

References

  1. ↑ Duncan, J. (2010). The multiple-demand (MD) system of the primate brain: mental programs for intelligent behaviour. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 14(4), 172-179.
  2. ↑ Duncan, J. (2013). The structure of cognition: attentional episodes in mind and brain. Neuron, 80(1), 35-50.
  3. ↑ Müller, V.I., Langner, R., Cieslik, E.C., Rottschy, C., & Eickhoff, S.B. (2015). Interindividual differences in cognitive flexibility: influence of gray matter volume, functional connectivity and trait impulsivity. Brain Structure and Function, 220(4), 2401-2414.
  4. ↑ Duncan, J. (2010). The multiple-demand (MD) system of the primate brain: mental programs for intelligent behaviour. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 14(4), 172-179.
  5. ↑ Duncan, J. (2013). The structure of cognition: attentional episodes in mind and brain. Neuron, 80(1), 35-50.
  6. ↑ Müller, V.I., Langner, R., Cieslik, E.C., Rottschy, C., & Eickhoff, S.B. (2015). Interindividual differences in cognitive flexibility: influence of gray matter volume, functional connectivity and trait impulsivity. Brain Structure and Function, 220(4), 2401-2414.
  7. ↑ Camilleri, J.A., Müller, V.I., Fox, P., Laird, A.R., Hoffstaedter, F., Kalenscher, T., & Eickhoff, S.B. (2018). Definition and characterization of an extended multiple-demand network. NeuroImage, 165, 138-147.
  8. ↑ Müller, V.I., Langner, R., Cieslik, E.C., Rottschy, C., & Eickhoff, S.B. (2015). Interindividual differences in cognitive flexibility: influence of gray matter volume, functional connectivity and trait impulsivity. Brain Structure and Function, 220(4), 2401-2414.
  9. ↑ Camilleri, J.A., Müller, V.I., Fox, P., Laird, A.R., Hoffstaedter, F., Kalenscher, T., & Eickhoff, S.B. (2018). Definition and characterization of an extended multiple-demand network. NeuroImage, 165, 138-147.
  10. ↑ Camilleri, J.A., Müller, V.I., Fox, P., Laird, A.R., Hoffstaedter, F., Kalenscher, T., & Eickhoff, S.B. (2018). Definition and characterization of an extended multiple-demand network. NeuroImage, 165, 138-147.
  11. ↑ Duncan, J. (2010). The multiple-demand (MD) system of the primate brain: mental programs for intelligent behaviour. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 14(4), 172-179.
  12. ↑ Müller, V.I., Langner, R., Cieslik, E.C., Rottschy, C., & Eickhoff, S.B. (2015). Interindividual differences in cognitive flexibility: influence of gray matter volume, functional connectivity and trait impulsivity. Brain Structure and Function, 220(4), 2401-2414.
  13. ↑ Rottschy, C., et al. (2012). Modelling neural correlates of working memory: a coordinate-based meta-analysis. NeuroImage, 60(1), 830-846.
  14. ↑ Sliwinska, M.W., et al. (2017). Stimulating Multiple-Demand Cortex Enhances Vocabulary Learning. Journal of Neuroscience, 37(32), 7606-7618.
  15. ↑ Duncan, J. (2013). The structure of cognition: attentional episodes in mind and brain. Neuron, 80(1), 35-50.
  16. ↑ Fedorenko, E., Duncan, J., & Kanwisher, N. (2013). Broad domain generality in focal regions of frontal and parietal cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(41), 16616-16621.
  17. ↑ Camilleri, J.A., Müller, V.I., Fox, P., Laird, A.R., Hoffstaedter, F., Kalenscher, T., & Eickhoff, S.B. (2018). Definition and characterization of an extended multiple-demand network. NeuroImage, 165, 138-147.
  18. ↑ Camilleri, J.A., Müller, V.I., Fox, P., Laird, A.R., Hoffstaedter, F., Kalenscher, T., & Eickhoff, S.B. (2018). Definition and characterization of an extended multiple-demand network. NeuroImage, 165, 138-147.
  19. ↑ Camilleri, J.A., Müller, V.I., Fox, P., Laird, A.R., Hoffstaedter, F., Kalenscher, T., & Eickhoff, S.B. (2018). Definition and characterization of an extended multiple-demand network. NeuroImage, 165, 138-147.
  20. ↑ Seeley, W.W., et al. (2007). Dissociable intrinsic connectivity networks for salience processing and executive control. Journal of Neuroscience, 27(9), 2349-2356.
  21. ↑ Camilleri, J.A., Müller, V.I., Fox, P., Laird, A.R., Hoffstaedter, F., Kalenscher, T., & Eickhoff, S.B. (2018). Definition and characterization of an extended multiple-demand network. NeuroImage, 165, 138-147.
  22. ↑ Woolgar, A., et al. (2010). Fluid intelligence loss linked to restricted regions of damage within frontal and parietal cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(33), 14899-14902.
  23. ↑ Hartwigsen, G. (2018). Flexible Redistribution in Cognitive Networks. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 22(8), 687-698.
  24. ↑ Raboyeau, G., et al. (2008). Right hemisphere activation in recovery from aphasia: Lesion effect or function recruitment? Neurology, 70(4), 290-298.
  25. ↑ McTeague, L.M., et al. (2017). Identification of common neural circuit disruptions in cognitive control across psychiatric disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 174(7), 676-685.
  26. ↑ McTeague, L.M., et al. (2017). Identification of common neural circuit disruptions in cognitive control across psychiatric disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 174(7), 676-685.
  27. ↑ Menon, V., & Uddin, L.Q. (2010). Saliency, switching, attention and control: a network model of insula function. Brain Structure and Function, 214(5-6), 655-667.
  28. ↑ Seeley, W.W., et al. (2007). Dissociable intrinsic connectivity networks for salience processing and executive control. Journal of Neuroscience, 27(9), 2349-2356.
  29. ↑ Vincent, J.L., et al. (2008). Evidence for a frontoparietal control system revealed by intrinsic functional connectivity. Journal of Neurophysiology, 100(6), 3328-3342.
  30. ↑ Corbetta, M., Patel, G., & Shulman, G.L. (2008). The reorienting system of the human brain: from environment to theory of mind. Neuron, 58(3), 306-324.
  31. ↑ Vossel, S., Geng, J.J., & Fink, G.R. (2014). Dorsal and ventral attention systems: distinct neural circuits but collaborative roles. Neuroscientist, 20(2), 150-159.
  32. ↑ Fox, M.D., et al. (2005). The human brain is intrinsically organized into dynamic, anticorrelated functional networks. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 102(27), 9673-9678.
  33. ↑ Cole, M.W., & Schneider, W. (2007). The cognitive control network: integrated cortical regions with dissociable functions. NeuroImage, 37(1), 343-360.
  34. ↑ Camilleri, J.A., Müller, V.I., Fox, P., Laird, A.R., Hoffstaedter, F., Kalenscher, T., & Eickhoff, S.B. (2018). Definition and characterization of an extended multiple-demand network. NeuroImage, 165, 138-147.
  35. ↑ Müller, V.I., Langner, R., Cieslik, E.C., Rottschy, C., & Eickhoff, S.B. (2015). Interindividual differences in cognitive flexibility: influence of gray matter volume, functional connectivity and trait impulsivity. Brain Structure and Function, 220(4), 2401-2414.
  36. ↑ Camilleri, J.A., Müller, V.I., Fox, P., Laird, A.R., Hoffstaedter, F., Kalenscher, T., & Eickhoff, S.B. (2018). Definition and characterization of an extended multiple-demand network. NeuroImage, 165, 138-147.
  37. ↑ Camilleri, J.A., Müller, V.I., Fox, P., Laird, A.R., Hoffstaedter, F., Kalenscher, T., & Eickhoff, S.B. (2018). Definition and characterization of an extended multiple-demand network. NeuroImage, 165, 138-147.
  38. ↑ Duncan, J. (2013). The structure of cognition: attentional episodes in mind and brain. Neuron, 80(1), 35-50.
  39. ↑ Fedorenko, E., Duncan, J., & Kanwisher, N. (2013). Broad domain generality in focal regions of frontal and parietal cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(41), 16616-16621.
  40. ↑ Camilleri, J.A., Müller, V.I., Fox, P., Laird, A.R., Hoffstaedter, F., Kalenscher, T., & Eickhoff, S.B. (2018). Definition and characterization of an extended multiple-demand network. NeuroImage, 165, 138-147.
  41. ↑ Menon, V., & Uddin, L.Q. (2010). Saliency, switching, attention and control: a network model of insula function. Brain Structure and Function, 214(5-6), 655-667.
  42. ↑ Woolgar, A., et al. (2010). Fluid intelligence loss linked to restricted regions of damage within frontal and parietal cortex. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 107(33), 14899-14902.


This article "Multiple Demand Network" is from Wikipedia. The list of its authors can be seen in its historical and/or the page Edithistory:Multiple Demand Network. Articles copied from Draft Namespace on Wikipedia could be seen on the Draft Namespace of Wikipedia and not main one.


Retrieved from "https://en.everybodywiki.com/index.php?title=Multiple_Demand_Network&oldid=5970487"
License CC BY-SA 3.0
Powered by MediaWiki