Muslim Slavs
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Muslim Slavs or Slavic Muslims are ethnic groups or sub-ethnic groups of Slavs historically distinguished by their adherence to the Islamic religion. The term is most often used in the study of the Balkans, Southeastern Europe, Caucasus, Crimea, and Volga region.[1][2][3]
The majority of Slavic Muslims are found in Bosnia and Herzegovina, Albania, Kosovo, Montenegro, Bulgaria, and some republics of Russia.[1][2][3] Slavic Muslims can also be found in southern Serbia and North Macedonia.[4] Slavic Muslims are one among the indigenous ethnic groups who are native Europeans of the Islamic faith;[5] the others are the Muslim populations of Albanians, Greeks, Romani, Balkan Turks, Pomaks, Yörüks, Volga Tatars, Crimean Tatars,[5] and Megleno-Romanians from Notia today living in Turkey,[6] unlike the Muslims in Western Europe which are mostly non-European recent immigrants or the descendants of old immigrants.[7]
South Slavic Muslims[edit]
South Slavic Muslims can be divided in two main groups:[citation needed]
- South Slavic Muslims of Bulgaria: Muslim Bulgarians (or Pomaks);
- South Slavic Muslims of former Yugoslavia and its successor states, encompassing several ethnic groups and sub-groups (in alphabetical order):
- Bosniaks, by majority adherents of Islam; concentrated in Bosnia and Herzegovina, and also in Serbia, Montenegro, North Macedonia, Croatia and Slovenia;
- Gorani people, a small ethnoreligious community in Serbia, Kosovo,[a] Albania, and North Macedonia;
- Muslim Croats, adherents of Islam among Croats;
- Muslim Macedonians (or Torbeši), adherents of Islam among ethnic Macedonians;
- Muslim Serbs, adherents of Islam among Serbs;
- Muslims (ethnic group), one of six constitutive peoples in former Yugoslavia; since 1993 mainly opted to adopt ethnic Bosniak designation; remaining communities who kept previous designation are concentrated mainly in Serbia and Montenegro.[citation needed]
Ethnic Slavic Muslims in the Western Balkans follow Hanafi, a subcategory of Sunni Islam.[8] According to the religious ideology of Christoslavism, coined by Michael Sells, "the belief that Slavs are Christian by nature and that any conversion from Christianity is a betrayal of the Slavic race"[9] as seen in Croatian and Serbian nationalism, Slavic Muslim are not regarded part of their ethnic kin, as by conversion to Islam, they become "Turks".[10]
See also[edit]
- Greek Muslims
- History of slavery in the Muslim world
- Arab slave trade
- Barbary slave trade
- Devshirme (forced recruitment of Balkan Christians)
- Ghulams and Mamluks (Islamic military slavery)
- Houris (female slaves in the Islamic paradise)
- Islamic views on slavery
- Saqaliba (Slavic slaves in the Muslim world)
- Slavery in the Ottoman Empire
- Islam in Europe
- Bosnian mujahideen
- European Council for Fatwa and Research
- European Islam
- Islamic dress in Europe
- Islamic terrorism in Europe
- Islamism and Islamic terrorism in the Balkans
- Islamization of Albania
- Islamization of Bosnia and Herzegovina
- Liberal and progressive Islam in Europe
- Muslim Council for Cooperation in Europe
- Liberal and progressive movements within Islam
- Muslim world
- Religion in the European Union
Notes[edit]
| a. | ^ Kosovo is the subject of a territorial dispute between the Republic of Kosovo and the Republic of Serbia. The Republic of Kosovo unilaterally declared independence on 17 February 2008, but Serbia continues to claim it as part of its own sovereign territory. The two governments began to normalise relations in 2013, as part of the Brussels Agreement. Kosovo has been recognized as an independent state by 112 out of 193 United Nations member states. 10 states have recognized Kosovo only to later withdraw their recognition. |
References[edit]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Cesari, Jocelyne, ed. (2014). "Part III: The Old European Land of Islam". The Oxford Handbook of European Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 427–616. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199607976.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-960797-6. LCCN 2014936672. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) Search this book on
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Clayer, Nathalie (2004). "Les musulmans des Balkans Ou l'islam de «l'autre Europe»/The Balkans Muslims Or the Islam of the «Other Europe»". Religions, pouvoir et société: Europe centrale, Balkans, CEI. Le Courrier de Pays de l'Est (in français). Paris: La Documentation française. 5 (1045): 16–27. doi:10.3917/cpe.045.0016. ISSN 0590-0239 – via Cairn.info.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Bougarel, Xavier; Clayer, Nathalie (2013). Les musulmans de l'Europe du Sud-Est: Des Empires aux États balkaniques. Terres et gens d'islam (in français). Paris: IISMM - Karthala. pp. 1–20. ISBN 978-2-8111-0905-9 – via Cairn.info. Search this book on
- ↑ Macnamara, Ronan (January 2013). "Slavic Muslims: The forgotten minority of Macedonia". Security and Human Rights. Leiden: Brill Publishers/Martinus Nijhoff Publishers on behalf of the Netherlands Helsinki Committee. 23 (4): 347–355. doi:10.1163/18750230-99900038. eISSN 1875-0230. ISSN 1874-7337.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Popović, Alexandre; Rashid, Asma (Summer–Autumn 1997). "The Muslim Culture In The Balkans (16th–18th Centuries)". Islamic Studies. Islamic Research Institute (International Islamic University, Islamabad). 36 (2/3, Special Issue: Islam In The Balkans): 177–190. eISSN 2710-5326. ISSN 0578-8072. JSTOR 23076193.
- ↑ Kahl, Thede (2006). Mylonas, Harris, ed. "The Islamisation of the Meglen Vlachs (Megleno-Romanians): The Village of Nânti (Nótia) and the "Nântinets" in Present-Day Turkey". Nationalities Papers. Cambridge University Press. 34 (1): 71–90. doi:10.1080/00905990500504871. ISSN 0090-5992.
- ↑ Cesari, Jocelyne (January–June 2002). "Introduction - "L'Islam en Europe: L'Incorporation d'Une Religion"". Cahiers d'Études sur la Méditerranée Orientale et le monde Turco-Iranien (in français). Paris: Éditions de Boccard. 33: 7–20. doi:10.3406/CEMOT.2002.1623. Retrieved 21 January 2021 – via Persée.fr. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Sabrina P. Ramet (1989). Religion and Nationalism in Soviet and East European Politics. Duke University Press. pp. 380–. ISBN 978-0-8223-0891-1. Search this book on
- ↑ Steven L. Jacobs (2009). Confronting Genocide: Judaism, Christianity, Islam. Lexington Books. pp. 82–. ISBN 978-0-7391-3589-1. Search this book on
- ↑ Omer Bartov; Phyllis Mack (1 January 2001). In God's Name: Genocide and Religion in the Twentieth Century. Berghahn Books. pp. 183–. ISBN 978-1-57181-302-2. Search this book on
Bibliography[edit]
- Aščerić-Todd, Ines (2015). Dervishes and Islam in Bosnia: Sufi Dimensions to the Formation of Bosnian Muslim Society. The Ottoman Empire and its Heritage. 58. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.1163/9789004288447. ISBN 978-90-04-27821-9. ISSN 1380-6076. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) Search this book on - Bougarel, Xavier; Clayer, Nathalie (2013). Les musulmans de l'Europe du Sud-Est: Des Empires aux États balkaniques. Terres et gens d'islam (in français). Paris: IISMM - Karthala. ISBN 978-2-8111-0905-9 – via Cairn.info. Search this book on
- Cesari, Jocelyne, ed. (2014). The Oxford Handbook of European Islam. Oxford: Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/oxfordhb/9780199607976.001.0001. ISBN 978-0-19-960797-6. LCCN 2014936672. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) Search this book on - Clayer, Nathalie (2004). "Les musulmans des Balkans Ou l'islam de «l'autre Europe»/The Balkans Muslims Or the Islam of the «Other Europe»". Religions, pouvoir et société: Europe centrale, Balkans, CEI. Le Courrier de Pays de l'Est (in français). Paris: La Documentation française. 5 (1045): 16–27. doi:10.3917/cpe.045.0016. ISSN 0590-0239 – via Cairn.info.
- Friedman, Francine (2000). Mylonas, Harris, ed. "The Muslim Slavs of Bosnia and Herzegovina (with Reference to the Sandžak of Novi Pazar): Islam as National Identity". Nationalities Papers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press on behalf of the Association for the Study of Nationalities. 28 (1): 165–180. doi:10.1080/00905990050002498. eISSN 1465-3923. ISSN 0090-5992. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - Ghodsee, Kristen (2010). Muslim Lives in Eastern Europe: Gender, Ethnicity, and the Transformation of Islam in Postsocialist Bulgaria. Princeton Studies in Muslim Politics. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-0-691-13955-5. JSTOR j.ctt7sk20. OCLC 677987523. Search this book on
- Greenberg, Robert D. (2009). "Dialects, Migrations, and Ethnic Rivalries: The Case of Bosnia-Herzegovina". Journal of Slavic Linguistics. Bloomington, Indiana: Slavica Publishers (Indiana University Press). 17 (1/2): 193–216. doi:10.1353/jsl.0.0022. JSTOR 24600141. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - Malečková, Jitka (2020). "Civilizing the Slavic Muslims of Bosnia-Herzegovina". "The Turk" in the Czech Imagination (1870s-1923). Studia Imagologica. 26. Leiden: Brill Publishers. pp. 118–158. doi:10.1163/9789004440791_005. ISBN 978-90-04-44077-7. ISSN 0927-4065. Search this book on
- Račius, Egdūnas, ed. (2020). Islam in Post-communist Eastern Europe: Between Churchification and Securitization. Muslim Minorities. 35. Leiden: Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-42534-7. ISSN 1570-7571. LCCN 2020907634. Search this book on
- Šuško, Dževada, ed. (2019). Both Muslim and European: Diasporic and Migrant Identities of Bosniaks. Muslim Minorities. 30. Leiden: Brill Publishers. ISBN 978-90-04-39402-5. ISSN 1570-7571. LCCN 2018061684. Search this book on
- Zheliazkova, Antonina (July 1994). "The Penetration and Adaptation of Islam in Bosnia from the Fifteenth to the Nineteenth Century". Journal of Islamic Studies. Oxford: Oxford University Press. 5 (2: Islam in The Balkans): 187–208. doi:10.1093/jis/5.2.187. eISSN 1471-6917. ISSN 0955-2340. JSTOR 26195615. Unknown parameter
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Further reading[edit]
- Akyol, Riada Asimovic (13 January 2019). "Bosnia Offers a Model of Liberal European Islam". The Atlantic. Washington, D.C. Archived from the original on 13 January 2019. Retrieved 18 April 2021. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - Allievi, Stefano; Maréchal, Brigitte; Dassetto, Felice; Nielsen, Jørgen S., eds. (2003). Muslims in the Enlarged Europe: Religion and Society. Choice Reviews Online. Muslim Minorities. 2. Leiden: Brill Publishers. doi:10.5860/choice.41-6771. ISBN 978-90-04-13201-6. ISSN 1570-7571. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) Search this book on - Bencheikh, Ghaleb; Brahimi-Semper, Adam (19 May 2019). "L'Islam dans le Sud-Est Européen". www.franceculture.fr (in français). Paris: France Culture. Retrieved 25 March 2021.
- Bougarel, Xavier; Clayer, Nathalie, eds. (2001). Le Nouvel Islam Balkanique. Les Musulmans, acteurs du post-communisme, 1990-2000 (in français). Paris: Maisonneuve et Larose. ISBN 2-7068-1493-4. Search this book on
- Isani, Mujtaba; Schlipphak, Bernd (August 2017). Schneider, Gerald, ed. "In the European Union we trust: European Muslim attitudes toward the European Union". European Union Politics. SAGE Publications. 18 (4): 658–677. doi:10.1177/1465116517725831. eISSN 1741-2757. ISSN 1465-1165. LCCN 00234202. OCLC 43598989. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - Popović, Alexandre (1986). L'Islam balkanique: les musulmans du sud-est européen dans la période post-ottomane. Balkanologische Veröffentlichungen (in français). 11. Berlin: Osteuropa-Institut an der Freien Universität Berlin. ISBN 9783447025980. OCLC 15614864. Search this book on
- Stieger, Cyrill (5 October 2017). "Die Flexibilität der slawischen Muslime". Neue Zürcher Zeitung (in Deutsch). Zürich. Archived from the original on 5 October 2017. Retrieved 25 March 2021. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help)
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