Nanumea dialect
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The Nanumea dialect, also known as te 'Gana Faka Nanumea or Nanumean,[1] is a dialect of Tuvaluan, also considered by some to be a separate language[2], spoken on the island of Nanumea in northern Tuvalu. It is part of the Northern dialect group of Tuvaluan,[3] and is closely related to other Polynesian languages, especially the languages of the Polynesian outliers, such as Tuvaluan, Nukuoro, Kapingamarani, Samoan and Tokelauan, and less so related to more well-known Polynesian languages such as Māori and 'Ōlelo Hawai'i.[4][5][6]
| Nanumea | |
|---|---|
| Nanumean | |
| Te 'Gana Faka Nanumea | |
| Pronunciation | te ˈŋana ˈfaka nanuˈmea |
| Native to | Nanumea, Tuvalu |
| Region | Polynesia |
| Ethnicity | Nanumea Islanders |
Native speakers | Uncertain |
Austronesian
| |
| Latin script | |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-1 | tvl Nanumea doesn't have its own language code |
| ISO 639-3 | tvl |
tvl | |
Phonology[edit]
Nanumea's phonemes are the same as to the phonemes of other northern dialects of the Tuvaluan language, as can be observed:[7][3][8][4]
Vowels[edit]
| Short | Long | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Front | Back | Front | Back | |
| Close | i | u | iː | uː |
| Mid | e | o | eː | oː |
| Open | a | aː | ||
Consonants[edit]
| Labial | Alveolar | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ŋ | ||
| Plosive | p | t | k | ||
| Fricative | f | v | h | ||
| Lateral | l | ||||
Consonants can also be germinated,[5][4][3] just like Tuvaluan.
Challenges[edit]
Nanumea (the island) can possibly be completely below sea level in the near future[9], which is also a threat to te 'Gana Faka Nanumea, due to if the atoll is no longer there, there will be no use for Nanumean.
Similarities and differences with standard Tuvaluan[edit]
| English | Nanumea | Tuvaluan | Additional Information |
|---|---|---|---|
| Cat | Puuhi | Pūsi | /s/ turns into /h/ in northern dialects and, to an extent, the Nukulaelae dialect [3][8] |
| Spouse | Aavaga | Āvaga | |
| Idea | Aofaga | Manatu | |
| Gold | Aulo | Aulo | Latin loanword |
| To fold | Fefetu/Taketake | Sai | |
| Bat (Instrument) | Pate | Pate | |
| Table | Laulau | Taipola | |
| To help | Fakamaamaa | Fesoasoani | |
| Fly (Insect) | Lago | Lago | |
| Nominalizer suffix | -a | -ga | '-a' is also used in Tokelauan.[11] |
References[edit]
- ↑ "Te 'Gana Faka Nanumea". nanumea.net. Retrieved 2024-06-24.
- ↑ "WALS Online - Language Nanumea". wals.info. Retrieved 2024-06-25.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 "Tuvalu Language". 2019-12-30. Archived from the original on 2019-12-30. Retrieved 2024-06-25. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Niko, Besnier. Ttou tauloto te ggana Tuuvalu = A course in the Tuvaluan. Search this book on
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Jackson, Geoffrey W. Te tikisionale o te ʻgana Tuvalu = A Tuvaluan-English dictionary. Search this book on
- ↑ Besnier, Niko. Tuvaluan: A Polynesian Language of the Central Pacific. Search this book on
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 "A Nanumea Lexicon" (PDF).
- ↑ 8.0 8.1 "A Dictionary of the Tuvaluan Language & Culture".
- ↑ Kench, Paul S.; Ford, Murray R.; Owen, Susan D. (2018-02-09). "Patterns of island change and persistence offer alternate adaptation pathways for atoll nations". Nature Communications. 9 (1): 605. Bibcode:2018NatCo...9..605K. doi:10.1038/s41467-018-02954-1. ISSN 2041-1723. PMC 5807422. PMID 29426825.
- ↑ "Tuvaluan Dictionary | PDF". Scribd. Retrieved 2024-06-24.
- ↑ "Tokelau Dictionary | Atafu Tokelau Community Group". Matauala Hub. Retrieved 2024-06-26.
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Further Reading[edit]
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