Neutron scanner
The Fast Neutron Gamma-Ray Radiography (FNGR) air-cargo scanner was developed by CSIRO and trialled in Brisbane International Airport in 2005–2006.[1] It used neutron and gamma-ray radiography to perform fast non-intrusive scans of cargo containers that are capable of detecting more than X-ray scanners are.[2] X-ray scanning of air freight can detect metallic items such as firearms, but has problems with other substances, whereas fast neutron radiography can analyse element composition of scanned substances.[2]
An upgraded version of the scanner, named the AC6015XN Air Cargo Scanner and co-developed by Nuctech and CSIRO, was then developed and trialled in Bejing in 2009.[3]
The Brisbane scanner used neutron generators and a gamma-ray source to produce collimated beams, with cargo containers passing on a chain conveyor belt through a tunnel, and scintillator neutron detectors and gamma ray detectors mounted in columns on the opposite side of the tunnel.[4] Containers would take approximately 2 minutes to pass through the device.[4]
By measuring the ratios of neutron beam attenuation to gamma ray attenuation, it was possible to determine what class of material the two beams were passing through.[4]
The radiation dosage from the neutron radiation was approximately 8 microsieverts (800 μrem) and was well below the limits set on food irradiation in countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States of America.[5]
The AC6015XN had a smaller footprint, different shielding, stereoscopic dual X-ray beams (produced by a LINAC) instead of the gamma-ray beams, and Nuctech's X-ray detectors across both the side and the top of the tunnel.[6] Because of the use of X-rays instead of gamma-rays, the ratio of the beam attenuations had to be corrected to account for beam hardening.[6]
Cross-reference[edit]
- ↑ Sowerby et al. 2009, p. 9.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Sowerby et al. 2009, p. 2.
- ↑ Sowerby et al. 2009, p. 6.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Sowerby et al. 2009, p. 3.
- ↑ Sowerby et al. 2009, p. 4.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Sowerby et al. 2009, pp. 6–7.
Sources[edit]
- Sowerby, B.D.; Cutmore, N.G.; Liu, Y.; Peng, H.; Tickner, J.R.; Xie, Y.; Zong, C. (8 May 2009). "Recent Developments in Fast Neutron Radiography for the Interrogation of Air Cargo Containers". IAEA Conference. Vienna.
Further reading[edit]
- Eberhardt, J.; Liu, Y.; Rainey, S.; Roach, G.; Sowerby, B.; Stevens, R.; Tickner, J. (2006-05-05). "Fast-neutron/gamma-ray radiography scanner for the detection of contraband in air cargo containers". In Vourvopoulos, George; Doty, F. Patrick. SPIE Proceedings. 6213. doi:10.1117/12.663984.
- Liu, Y.; Tickner, J. R. (2006). "Image Processing and Display Systems for the CSIRO Air Cargo Scanner". 2006 IEEE Nuclear Science Symposium Conference Record. San Diego, CA, USA. pp. 77–81. doi:10.1109/NSSMIC.2006.356111. ISSN 1082-3654.
- Wahyu Musa, Wibisono; Muslih, M. Refai; Widyastuti, Henni; Ningsih, Firliyani Rahmatia; Wijaya, Sastra Kusuma (July 2023). "Sludge interface measurement in the storage tank utilizing neutron backscattering technique: A field experiment". Heliyon. 9 (7): e17948. doi:10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17948. ISSN 2405-8440. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
- Griffith, G. W.; Menlove, H. O. (1 September 1997). "Design study for MOX fuel rod scanner for ATR fuel fabrication. Phase I: Design of active neutron scanner. Phase II: Design of passive neutron scanner. Phase III: Design of passive gamma-ray scanner". Los Alamos National Laboratory. Los Alamos, NM (United States). doi:10.2172/534497. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
- Yousri, A. M.; Bashter, I. I.; Megahid, M. R.; Osman, A. M.; Kansouh, W. A.; Reda, A. M. (1 July 2011). "Scanning of Cargo Containers by Gamma-Ray and Fast Neutron Radiography". republished by the U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information. Tenth Radiation Physics & Protection Conference, 27-30 November 2010, Nasr City - Cairo, Egypt. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
- A.M., Balagurov; V.G., Simkin; Yu.V., Taran; V.A., Trunov; V.A., Kudryashov; A.P., Bulkin (1993). "Possible utilization of high resolution Fourier diffractometer at reactor IBR-2 for strain measurements". republished through the International Nuclear Information System of the International Atomic Energy Agency. Joint Institute for Nuclear Research. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
- Albertini, G.; Ceretti, M.; Coppola, R.; Ghia, S.; Lodini, A.; Mariani, P.; Perrin, M.; Rustichelli, F. (1993). "Map of Residual Strain in a Welded AISI 304 Steel Component, Obtained by Neutron Diffraction". Metallurgical Science and Technology. 1 (1): 18–24. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
- Malamud, F.; Northover, P.; Northover, S.; Nneji, S.; Kelleher, J.; Ciarlo, N. C.; Mauri, R. Geli (1 October 2022). "Spatially resolved neutron texture measurements of copper bolts from the Deltebre I (1813) site". Materials Characterization. 192: 112183. doi:10.1016/j.matchar.2022.112183. ISSN 1044-5803. Retrieved 14 December 2023. Neutron scanning used to evaluate bolts found in the Deltebre I shipwreck
- Schneider, Stephan; Tietze-Jaensch, Holger; Bosbach, Dirk (2011). "Numerical Tools for the Evaluation of Super-Compacted Radioactive Waste Residues" (PDF). Progress in Nuclear Science and Technology. 2: 406–410. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
- Stokes, Maurice A.; Hill, Graham L. (January 1993). "Total Energy Expenditure in Patients With Crohn's Disease: Measurement by the Combined Body Scan Technique". Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition. 17 (1): 3–7. doi:10.1177/014860719301700103. ISSN 0148-6071. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
- Cocks, F. H; Klenk, P. A; Watkins, S. A; Simmons, W. N; Cocks, J. C; Cocks, E. E; Sussingham, J. C (1 December 2002). "Lunar Ice: Adsorbed Water on Subsurface Polar Dust". Icarus. 160 (2): 386–397. doi:10.1006/icar.2002.6972. ISSN 0019-1035. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
- Hasholt, Marianne Tange; Frid, Katja; Spörel, Frank; Lahdensivu, Jukka; Helsing, Elisabeth; Müller, Matthias; Faheem, Abdul; Sleiman, Sara Al Haj; Jacobsen, Stefan (1 July 2022). "Nordic Concrete Research workshop: "Accelerated freeze-thaw testing of concrete", Lyngby, 20 April 2022". Nordic Concrete Research. 66 (1): 113–133. doi:10.2478/ncr-2022-0007. Retrieved 14 December 2023.
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