New Romanization of Korean
| New Romanization of Korean | |
| Hangul | 정형표기법 |
|---|---|
| Hanja | 正形表記法 |
| Revised Romanization | Jeonghyeongpyogibeop |
| McCune–Reischauer | Chŏnghyŏngp'yokipŏp |
 |
| Korean writing systems |
|---|
| Hangul |
| Josŏn-gŭl (in North Korea) |
| Hanja |
| Mixed script |
| Braille |
| Transcription |
|
| Transliteration |
|
The New Romanization of the Korean Language (정형표기법, 正形表記法; lit. Orthomorphemic transliteration), although largely phonemic, includes many instances of spellings that are historic and morphemic rather than phonemic. The pronunciation of almost every word can be derived from its orthography. Unlike the McCune-Reischauer Romanization and the Revised Romanization systems, which focus more towards describing the phonology over the morphology of Korean,[1] the New Romanization, like the Yale Romanization of Korean, Shibu Shohei System of Romanization,[2] New Korean Orthography[3] and Hangul,[4] is a morphological orthography.
Overview
A few orthographical principles are present in the New Romanization, and are as follows:
- Monographic transliteration. One Hangul jamo to letter; digraphs are avoided, with the exception of 'dr', all other digraphs reflect digraphs in Hangul.
- More morphemic than phonemic. Sound changes are implicit rather than explicit in its orthography, avoiding confusion from homophones.
- Non-anglocentric. Letters are used more closely to that of the German or Turkish alphabets than that of the English or French alphabets. Features such as the usage of the umlaut for palatization and the 'j' for iotization closely resemble their usage in German orthography. The lack of digraphs used to represent truly unique vowel sounds, such as the English 'aw' or the French 'ou' or 'eu', separates the New Romanization of Korean from those orthographies.
In the Yale Romanization of Korean, the digraph used to represent 'wu (ㅜ)', as well as 'ay (ㅐ), ey (ㅔ), oy (ㅚ), wi (ㅟ), uy (ㅢ)', is inconsistent with its internal rules, where 'wi (ㅟ)' breaks from the other four palatalized vowels. The New Romanization of Korean corrects these inconsistencies in the Yale Romanization of Korean.
Pronunciation
The New Romanization relies heavily on the standard pronunciation of Korean, which for some speakers of the younger generations of South Korea primarily from Seoul who speak with a Seoul dialect might find some parts of this transliteration system, is not intuitive. Where in the Seoul dialect, ㅐ, ㅔ, ㅚ, ㅟ and ㅢ, are pronounced 'e', 'e', 'we', 'wi' and 'ɯi' or e', respectively, in the pronunciation of Korean, ㅐ, ㅔ, ㅚ, ㅟ and ㅢ, are pronounced 'ɛ', 'e', 'ø', 'y' and 'ɨ', respectively. The Revised Romanization is based primarily on the pronunciation used in the Seoul dialect, and not on the pronunciation of Korean. Significant differences between the quasi-standard Seoul dialect in South Korea from the standard Korean dialect used in South Korea, North Korea, and the Yanbian Korean Autonomous Prefecture in China, render the New Romanization of Korean the closest of all the standard romanizations of Korean to the current orthography of Hangul in both South and North Korea.
Transliteration Guide
This is a transliteration guide for the New Romanization system.
Vowels
| Hangul | ㅏ | ㅐ | ㅑ | ㅒ | ㅓ | ㅔ | ㅕ | ㅖ | ㅗ | ㅘ | ㅙ | ㅚ | ㅛ | ㅜ | ㅝ | ㅞ | ㅟ | ㅠ | ㅡ | ㅢ | ㅣ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romanization | a | ä (ai) | ja | jä (jai) | e | ë (ei) | je | jë (jei) | o | wa | wä (wai) | ö (oi) | jo | u | we | wë (wei) | ü (ui) | ju | y | ÿ (yi) | i |
Notes:
- ( ) - Alternative form to be strictly used when umlaut ( ¨ ) is unavailable.
Consonants
| Hangul | ㄱ | ㄲ | ㅋ | 1ㄱ/ㄲ | aㅇ/ㆁ | ㄴ | ㄷ | ㄸ | ㅌ | ㄹ | 2ᄙ | 3ㅿ | 4ㄹ/ㅇ | ㅁ | ㅂ | ㅃ | 5ㅸ | ㅍ | ㅅ | ㅆ | ㅈ | ㅉ | ㅊ | bㅇ | 6ㆆ | ㅎ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romanization | Initial | g | gh | k | q | - | n | d | dh | t | r | - | dr | l | m | b | bh | - | p | s | sh | c | ch | ç | - | - | h |
| Final | g | gg | k | - | ŋ | n | d | - | t | r | rr | dr | - | m | b | - | v | p | s | ss | c | - | ç | - | x | h | |
Notes:
- 1 Only used for particles, e.g. -고, -ㄹ까, -는가, -ㅂ니까, -기, etc., but not for -구나, -겠다, -것이다, etc.
- 2 The letter 'ᄙ' is written as 'ㄹㄹ' in Hangul for Modern Korean found in verbs such as, 흐르다 ('hyrry.da', to flow), 빠르다 ('bharry.da', to be fast), etc.
- 3 The letter 'ㅿ' is written as 'ㄷ' or 'ㄹ' in Hangul for Modern Korean reflecting the change found in verbs such as, 걷다 ('gedr.da', to walk), 묻다(問) ('mudr.da', to ask), etc.
- 4 This 'ㄹ' is written as 'ㄹ' or 'ㅇ' in Hangul for Modern Korean reflecting the r-drop 1. found in verbs such as, 갈다 ('gal.da', to sow), 놀다 ('nol.da', to play), 2. found in words such as, 여행 ('ljehäŋ', travel), 역사 ('ljegsa', history), etc., and 3. found in names such as, 이명박 ('Li Mjeŋbag', Lee Myungbak), 이승만 ('Li Syŋman', Rhee Syngman), 임경업 ('Lim Gjeŋeb', Im Gyeong-eop) et al.
- 5 The letter 'ㅸ' is written as 'ㅜ/ㅗ' or 'ㅂ' in Hangul for Modern Korean found in verbs, i.e. 굽다 ('guv.da', to cook), 춥다 ('çuv.da', to be cold), 쉽다 ('süv.da', to be easy), etc.
- 6 The letter 'ㆆ' is written as 'ㅇ' or 'ㅅ' in Hangul for Modern Korean found in verbs, i.e. 낫다 ('nax.da', to heal), 짓다 ('cix.da', to build), etc.
- a This 'ㅇ' is originally the obsolete 'ㆁ'.
- b This 'ㅇ' is not 'ㆁ'.
Particlesab
| Hangul | 는/은 | 가/이 | 를/을 | 에 | 서 | 에서 | 에게/께 | 까지 | 부터 | 로/으로 | 로써/으로써 | 고 | 기 | 면/으면 | 며 | 도 | 다 | ㄹ까 | ㄴ가/는가 | ㅂ니다/습니다 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romanization | .n | .ga/.i | .r | .ë | .se | .ë.se | c.ë.gë | .ggaci/.ghaci | .bute | .ro | .ro.sse | .qo | .qi | .mjen | .mje | .do | .da | .r.qa | .n.qa | b.ni.da/sb.ni.da |
| Hangul | 시/으시 | 요 | 니/으니 | 나/으나 | d라 | 세/으세 | e라고/이라고 | 와/과 | 랑/이랑 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romanization | .si | .jo | .ni | .na | .ra | .së | .rago | .wa/.gwa | .raŋ |
Notes:
- a For slots with two values, first value is if the particle follows a final vowel, and the second value is if the particle follows a final consonant.
- b Period '.' is required before particle to distinguish from word.
- c Not .ë.që
- d E.g. -니라 (.ni.ra), -느니라 (ny.ni.ra), etc.
- e E.g. 무엇이라고 합니까? (Mues.rago ha.b.ni.qa.)
Transcription Guide
This is a transcription guide for the New Romanization system.
Vowels
| Hangul | ㅏ | ㅐ | ㅑ | ㅒ | ㅓ | ㅔ | ㅕ | ㅖ | ㅗ | ㅘ | ㅙ | ㅚ | ㅛ | ㅜ | ㅝ | ㅞ | ㅟ | ㅠ | ㅡ | ㅢ | ㅣ |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romanization | a | ä (ai) | ja | jä (jai) | e | ë (ei) | je | jë (jei) | o | wa | wä (wai) | ö (oi) | jo | u | we | wë (wei) | ü (ui) | ju | y | ÿ (yi) | i |
Notes:
- ( ) - Alternative form to be strictly used when umlaut ( ¨ ) is unavailable.
Consonants
| Hangul | ㄱ | ㄲ | ㅋ | aㅇ/ㆁ | ㄴ | ㄷ | ㄸ | ㅌ | ㄹ | ㅁ | ㅂ | ㅃ | ㅍ | ㅅ | ㅆ | ㅈ | ㅉ | ㅊ | ㅇ | ㅎ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Romanization | Initial | g | gh | k | - | n | d | dh | t | r | m | b | bh | p | s | sh | c | ch | ç | - | h |
| Final | g | gg | k | ŋ | n | d | - | t | r | m | b | - | p | s | ss | c | - | ç | - | h | |
Notes:
- a This 'ㅇ' is originally the obsolete 'ㆁ'.
- b This 'ㅇ' is not 'ㆁ'.
Usage
Verbs
| English | Hangul (Hanja) |
IPA | New Romanization (Transliteration) |
New Romanization (Transcription) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| “to phone” | 걸다 걸어 거니 |
[kʌːɾ.da] [kʌː.ɾʌ] [kʌː.ni] |
Gel.da Gel.e Gel.ni |
Gerda Gere Geni |
| “to walk” | 걷다 걸어 걸으니 |
[kʌː.t͈a] [kʌː .ɾʌ] [kʌː.ɾɯ.ni] |
Gedr.da Gedr.e Gedr.ni |
Gedda Gere Geryni |
| “to fold; to gather” | 걷다 걷어 걷으니 |
[kʌː.da] [kʌː.dʌ] [kʌː.dɯ.ni] |
Ged.da Ged.e Ged.ni |
Gedda Gede Gedyni |
| “to be easy” (adjectival verb) | 쉽다 쉬워 쉬우니 |
[ɕyːp.da] [ɕyː.wə] [ɕyː.u.ni] |
Süv.da Süv.e Süv.ni |
Sübda Süwe Süuni |
| "to use" | 쓰다 써 쓰니 |
[s͈ɯː.da] [s͈ʌ] [s͈ɯː.ni] |
Shy.da Shy.e Shy.ni |
Shyda She Shyni |
| "to go" | 가다 가 가니 |
[kaː.da] [kaː] [kaː.ni] |
Ga.da Ga.a Ga.ni |
Gada Ga Gani |
| "to do" | 하다 하여 (해) 하니 |
[haː.da] [haː.je] [haː.ni] |
Ha.da Ha.je (Ha.i) Ha.ni |
Hada Haje (Hai) Hani |
| "to become" | 되다 되어 (돼) 되니 |
[døː.da] [døː.e] [døː.ni] |
Dö.da Dö.e Dö.ni |
Döda Döe Döni |
| "to have" | 있다 있어 있니 |
[is͈.da] [is͈.e] [is͈.ni] |
Iss.da Iss.e Iss.ni |
Issda Isse Issyni |
| "to be" | 이다 이어 (여) 이니 |
[iː.da] [iː.e] [iː.ni] |
I.da I.e I.ni |
Ida Ie Ini |
Nouns
| English | Hangul (Hanja) |
IPA | New Romanization (Transliteration) |
New Romanization (Transcription) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| “wall” | 벽 (壁) |
[pjʌk̚] | Bjeg | Bjeg |
| “character, letter” | 글자 (글字) |
[kɯɾ.t͈ɕa] | Gyrxca | Gyrca |
| “to the kitchen/in the kitchen” | 부엌에 | [pu.ʌ.kʰe] | Buek.ë | Buekë |
Example
The following text is the preamble to the constitution of the Republic of Korea. The first section is written in Hangul; the second section is a transcription using New Romanization without particle punctuation and standardized letters, e.g. ‘l’, ‘v’, etc.; the third section is the standard New Romanization of Korean, a transliteration with all letters and particle punctuation.
Hangul
- 전문
- 유구한 역사와 전통에 빛나는 우리 대한 국민은 3·1 운동으로 건립된 대한민국 임시 정부의 법통과 불의에 항거한 4·19 민주 이념을 계승하고, 조국의 민주 개혁과 평화적 통일의 사명에 입각하여 정의·인도와 동포애로써 민족의 단결을 공고히 하고, 모든 사회적 폐습과 불의를 타파하며, 자율과 조화를 바탕으로 자유 민주적 기본 질서를 더욱 확고히 하여 정치·경제·사회·문화의 모든 영역에 있어서 각인의 기회를 균등히 하고, 능력을 최고도로 발휘하게 하며, 자유와 권리에 따르는 책임과 의무를 완수하게 하여, 안으로는 국민 생활의 균등한 향상을 기하고 밖으로는 항구적인 세계 평화와 인류 공영에 이바지함으로써 우리들과 우리들의 자손의 안전과 자유와 행복을 영원히 확보할 것을 다짐하면서 1948년 7월 12일에 제정되고 8차에 걸쳐 개정된 헌법을 이제 국회의 의결을 거쳐 국민 투표에 의하여 개정한다.
- 1987년 10월 29일
Transcription
- Cenmun
- Juguhan Jegsawa Centoŋë Biçnanyn Uri Dähan Gugminyn 3·1 Undoŋyro Genribdön Dähanmingug Imsi Ceŋbuÿ Bebtoŋgwa Burÿë Haŋgehan 4·19 Mincu Injemyr Gjësyŋhago, Cogugÿ Mincu Gähjeggwa Pjeŋhwaceg Toŋirÿ Samjeŋë Ibgaghaje Ceŋÿ·indowa Doŋpoäroshe Mincogÿ Dangjeryr Goŋgohi Hago, Modyn Sahöceg Pjësybgwa Burÿryr Tapahamje, Cajurgwa Cohwaryr Bataŋyro Caju Mincuceg Gibon Cirseryr Deug Hwaggohi Haje Ceŋçi·Gjeŋcë·Sahö·Munhwaÿ Modyn Jeŋjegë Issese Gaginÿ Gihöryr Gjundyŋhi Hago, Nyŋrjegyr Çögodoro Barhühagë Hamje, Cajuwa Gwenrië Dharynyn Çägimgwa Ÿmuryr Wansuhagë Haje, Anyronyn Gugmin Säŋhwarÿ Gjundyŋhan Hjaŋsaŋyr Gihago Baggyronyn Haŋgucegin Sëgjë Pjeŋhwawa Inrju Goŋjeŋë Ibacihamyroshe Uridyrgwa Uridyrÿ Casonÿ Ancengwa Cajuwa Häŋbogyr Jeŋwenhi Hwagbohar Gesyr Dacimhamjense 1948njen 7wer 12irë Cëceŋdögo 8çaë Gerçje Gäceŋdön Henbebyr Icë Gughöÿ Ÿgjeryr Geçje Gugmin Tupjoë Ÿhaje Gäceŋhanda.
- 1987njen 10wer 29ir
Transliteration
- Cenmun
- Jugu.ha.n Ljegsa.wa Centoŋ.ë Biçna.n Uri Dähan Gugmin.n 3·1 Undoŋ.ro Genrib.dö.n Dähanmingug Imsi Ceŋbu.ÿ Bebtoŋ.gwa Burÿ.ë Haŋge.ha.n 4·19 Mincu Injem.r Gjësyŋ.ha.qo, Cogug.ÿ Mincu Gähjeg.gwa Pjeŋhwaceg Toŋir.ÿ Samjeŋ.ë Libgag.ha.je Ceŋÿ·indo.wa Doŋpoä.ro.sse Mincog.ÿ Dangjer.r Goŋgo.hi Ha.qo, Modyn Sahöceg Pjësyb.gwa Burÿ.r Tapa.ha.mje, Caljur.gwa Cohwa.r Bataŋ.ro Caju Mincuceg Gibon Cirse.r Deug Gwaggo.hi Ha.je Ceŋçi·Gjeŋcë·Sahö·Munhwa.ÿ Modyn Ljeŋjeg.ë Iss.e.se Gagin.ÿ Gihö.r Gjundyŋ.hi Ha.qo, Nyŋrjeg.r Çögodo.ro Barhü.ha.gë Ha.mje, Caju.wa Gwenri.ë Dhary.n Çägim.gwa Ÿmu.r Wansu.ha.gë Ha.je, An.ro.n Gugmin Säŋhwar.ÿ Gjundyŋ.ha.n Hjaŋsaŋ.r Gi.ha.qo Bagg.ro.n Haŋguceg.i.n Sëgjë Pjeŋhwa.wa Inrju Goŋjeŋ.ë Ibaci.ha.m.ro.sse Uri.dyr.gwa Uri.dyr.ÿ Cason.ÿ Ancen.gwa Caju.wa Häŋbog.r Jeŋwen.hi Hwagbo.ha.r Ges.r Dacim.ha.mjen.se 1948njen 7wer 12ir.ë Cëceŋ.dö.qo 8ça.ë Gerçi.e Gäceŋ.dö.n Henbeb.r Icë Gughö.ÿ Ÿgjer.r Geçi.e Gugmin Tupjo.ë Ÿ.ha.je Gäceŋ.ha.n.da.
- 1987njen 10wer 29ir
See also
- Hangul
- New Korean Orthography
- Cyrillization of Korean
- McCune-Reischauer
- Yale Romanization of Korean
- Revised Romanization
- List of Korea-related topics
References
- ↑ Eui-sung, Cho. "조선말규범집". tufs.ac.jp. University of Tokyo Foreign Studies.
- ↑ Eui-sung, Cho. "Shibu Shohei System of Korean Romanisation". Tokyo University Foreign Studies.
- ↑ Kim, Sun Joo (2010). The Northern Region of Korea: History, Identity, and Culture. University of Washington Press. pp. 171–172. Search this book on
- ↑ Jeung-Ryeul Cho; Ming Ming Chiu; Catherine McBride-Chang. Literacy Development in Korean and English (2011 ed.). Routledge. p. 385. Search this book on
External links
- An online tool for New Romanization of Korean
- A Guide to the New Romanization of Korean
- The Constitution of the Republic of Korea in New Romanization
- Morphological Awareness, Phonological Awareness, and Literacy Development in Korean and English: A 2-Year Longitudinal Study
- Writing and Literacy in Chinese, Korean and Japanese
- Gangmun Romanization
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