Nondualism

Nondualism refers to any kind of thought or philosophy that claims to transcend various forms of dualism.

Eastern traditions

In the context of Hindu philosophy known as Vedanta, "non-dualism" (Sanskrit: advaita) refers to various traditions, including:

• Advaita Vedanta
• Vishishtadvaita (qualified non-dual Vedanta)
• Suddhadvaita (pure non-dual Vedanta)
• Achintya-Bheda-Abheda (inconceivable difference and non-difference)

In the context of Hindu religious traditions, it may refer to:

• Various schools of non-dualistic Shaivism (Shiva Advaita), including Kashmir Shaivism
• Some traditions of non-dualistic Shaktism (Shakta Advaita)

In the context of Mahayana Buddhism, non-duality (Sanskrit: advaya) can refer to various views on the nature of reality, such as:

• The Madhyamaka school's theory of emptiness (which holds that everything is non-dual since everything is empty)
• The Yogacara school's doctrine of mind-only (which holds that everything is non-dual since everything is mind)
• Other Buddhist views such as Buddha-nature, Shentong, Dzogchen, Huayan, and Tiantai

In the context of East Asian religion, non-dualism may refer to some Daoist philosophical views which hold that everything partakes of the Dao

Western traditions

In the context of Abrahamic religions, "non-duality" may refer to some views such as:

• Mysticism in general
• The esoteric teachings of Kabbalah
• Christian mysticism
• Sufi metaphysics, particularly Waḥdat al-wujūd, the doctrine of the "the Unity of Existence"

In the context of Western philosophy, the term may refer to:

• Monist philosophies, like Neo-Platonism
• Holism
• Josef Mitterer's Non-dualizing Philosophy of Change

In the context of modern spirituality, it may refer to:

• Transcendentalism
• Perennialism
• New age thought
• Neo-Advaita

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