Odia grammar
Odia grammar (Odia: ଓଡ଼ିଆ ବ୍ୟାକରଣ Oṛiā Byākaraṇa Odia Byakarana) is the study of the morphology and syntax of Odia, an Indo-Aryan language spoken in the state of Odisha in the Indian subcontinent.
Morphology[edit]
Morphologically Odia words fall into different categories- Nouns, Pronouns, Adjectives, Adverbs, Indeclinables and Verbs. On the basis of the case inflections and affix systems, the words are categorised into above six categories. With the exception of indeclinables, the rest do take inflections either nominal or verbs. Nouns, pronouns and adjectives are treated as nominal classes while verbs and adverbs are treated as verbal classes.[1][2]
Nouns[edit]
Nouns are those which are inflected by number, gender or case markers.
Number[edit]
There are two types of numbers in Odia:
- singular- ଏକବଚନ (ekabacana)
- plural- ବହୁବଚନ (bahubacana)
Singular denotes one and only one person or thing and the noun maybe followed or preceded by singular specifiers or singular number markers. Plural which denotes number more than one person or thing, is formed by the addition of plural suffixes to the nouns which usually occur as singular.
The singular number markers occur as suffix:
| Suffix | Eg. | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ଟି ṭi | କଲମଟି kalamaṭi | pen |
| ଟା ṭā | ଝିଅଟା jhiaṭā | daughter |
| ଟିଏ ṭie | ପିଲାଟିଏ pilāṭie | child |
The plural number occur with nominal forms as:
| Eg | Meaning |
|---|---|
| ଚିନି cini | sugar |
| ବାଲି bāli | sand |
| Suffix | Eg. | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| ମାନେ māne | ଲୋକମାନେ lokamāne | people |
| ମାନ māna | ଗ୍ରନ୍ଥମାନ granthamāna | holy books |
| ଗୁଡ଼ା guṛā (guḍā) | ଭାତଗୁଡ଼ା bhātaguḍā | boiled rice |
| ଗୁଡ଼ାଏ guṛāe (guḍāe) | ଫଳଗୁଡ଼ାଏ phaḷaguḍāe | fruits |
| ଗୁଡ଼ାକ guṛāka (guḍāka) | ଚାଉଳଗୁଡ଼ାକ cāuḷaguḍāka | rice |
| ଗୁଡ଼ିଏ guṛie (guḍie) | ଫୁଲଗୁଡ଼ିଏ phulaguḍie | flowers |
| ଗୁଡ଼ିକ guṛika (guḍika) | ନଦୀଗୁଡ଼ିକ nadīguḍika | rivers |
| ଏ e | ପିଲେ pile | children |
| ସବୁ sabu | ଗାଁସବୁ gā̃sabu | villages |
| ଶ୍ରେଣୀ śreṇī | ପର୍ବତଶ୍ରେଣୀ parbataśreṇī | mountains |
| ଯାକ ẏāka (jāka) | ଘରଯାକ gharajāka | houses |
Gender[edit]
There is no grammatical gender in Odia, instead gender is lexical. Though gender plays no major role in grammatical agreement between subject and predicate but it is accounted for in nominal inflections. There are three types of gender:
- masculine- ପୁଲିଙ୍ଗ (puliṅga)
- feminine- ସ୍ତ୍ରୀଲିଙ୍ଗ (strīliṅga)
- common- ଉଭୟଲିଙ୍ଗ (ubhayaliṅga)
- neuter- କ୍ଲୀବଲିଙ୍ଗ (klībaliṅga)
| Male | Meaning | Female | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| ବାପା bāpā | father | ମା mā | mother |
| ପୁଅ pua | son | ଝିଅ jhia | daughter |
| ଭାଇ bhāi | brother | ଭଉଣୀ bhauṇī | sister |
| ସ୍ୱାମୀ swāmī | husband | ସ୍ତ୍ରୀ strī | wife |
| ରାଜା rājā | king | ରାଣୀ rāṇī | queen |
| ଷଣ୍ଢ ṣaṇḍha | bull | ଗାଈ gāī | cow |
| Male | Meaning | Female | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| ପୁରୁଷ ଲୋକ | male person | ସ୍ତ୍ରୀ ଲୋକ | female person |
| ପୁଅ ପିଲା | male child | ଝିଅ ପିଲା | female child |
| ପୁରୁଷ ଯାତ୍ରୀ | male passenger | ମହିଳା ଯାତ୍ରୀ | female passenger |
| ଅଣ୍ଡିରା କୁକୁର | male dog | ମାଈ କୁକୁର | female dog |
| ଅଣ୍ଡିରା ଛେଳି | male goat | ମାଈ ଛେଳି | female goat |
| Suffix | Male | Meaning | Female | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| ଆ | ସଭ୍ୟ | male member | ସଭ୍ୟା | female member |
| ଶିଷ୍ୟ | male student | ଶିଷ୍ୟା | female student | |
| ଦୁଷ୍ଟ | naughty(m) | ଦୁଷ୍ଟା | naughty(f) | |
| ଆ (morpho-phonemic change- ଅ to ଇ) |
ବାଳକ | boy | ବାଳିକା | girl |
| ଗାୟକ | male singer | ଗାୟିକା | female singer | |
| ନାୟକ | actor | ନାୟିକା | actress | |
| ଶିିିକ୍ଷକ | male teacher | ଶିକ୍ଷିକା | female teacher | |
| ଈ | ପୁତ୍ର | son | ପୁତ୍ରୀ | daughter |
| ବୁଢ଼ା | old man | ବୁଢ଼ୀ | old woman | |
| କୁମାର | young boy | କୁମାରୀ | young girl | |
| ସୁନ୍ଦର | handsome(m) | ସୁନ୍ଦରୀ | beautiful(f) | |
| ଦେବ | god | ଦେବୀ | goddess | |
| ଈ (morpho-phonemic change- ଆ to ଈ) |
ଟୋକା | boy | ଟୋକୀ | girl |
| ଛୋଟା | lame(m) | ଛୋଟୀ | lame(f) | |
| ଈ (morpho-phonemic change- ଅ to ଆ) |
କଣା | blind(m) | କାଣୀ | blind(f) |
| ସଳା | brother-in-law | ସାଳୀ | sister-in-law | |
| ଈ (morpho-phonemic change- ଆ to ରୀ) |
ନେତା | male leader | ନେତ୍ରୀ | female leader |
| ରଚୈତା | author | ରଚୈତ୍ରୀ | authoress | |
| ଣୀ | ଚୋର | male thief | ଚୋରଣୀ | female thief |
| ମୂଲିଆ | male labourer | ମୂଲିଆଣୀ | female labourer | |
| ଣୀ (morpho-phonemic change- ଅ to ଆ) |
ଠାକୁର | god | ଠାକୁରାଣୀ | goddess |
| ମାଷ୍ଟର | male teacher | ମାଷ୍ଟ୍ରାଣୀ | female teacher | |
| ତନ୍ତୀ | male weaver | ତନ୍ତୀଆଣୀ | female weaver | |
| ଡାକ୍ତର | male doctor | ଡାକ୍ତରାଣୀ | female doctor | |
| ଣୀ (morpho-phonemic change- ଅ to ଉ) |
ବାଘ | tiger | ବାଘୁଣୀ | tigress |
| ଗଧ | male donkey | ଗଧୁଣୀ | female donkey | |
| ଣୀ (morpho-phonemic change- ଆ to ଉ) |
ଚଷା | male farmer | ଚାଷୁଣୀ | female farmer |
| ଣୀ (morpho-phonemic change- ଇ to ଉ) |
ମାଳି | male gardener | ମାଲୁଣୀ | female gardener |
| ଭିକାରି | male beggar | ଭିକାରୁଣୀ | female beggar | |
| ନୀ | ବନ୍ଦୀ | male prisoner | ବନ୍ଦିନୀ | female prisoner |
| ଧନା | rich(m) | ଧନିନୀ | rich(f) |
Case[edit]
Case inflection is a characteristic of inflectional languages and are also known as case markers or vibhakti. It is both syntactical and morphological in nature. The function of the case is to indicate the grammatical or semantic relationships between nouns and also between nouns and verbs in a a larger syntactic structure. There are 8 types of cases in Odia:
- Nominative- କର୍ତ୍ତା (karttā)
- Accusative- କର୍ମ (karma)
- Instrumental- କରଣ (karaṇa)
- Dative- ସମ୍ପ୍ରଦାନ (sampradana)
- Ablative- ଅପାଦାନ (apādāna)
- Genitive- ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧ (sambandha)
- Locative- ଅଧିକରଣ (adhikaraṇa)
- Vocative- ସମ୍ବୋଧକ (sambodhaka)
| Case | Singular | Plural |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ∅ | -ମାନେ, -ଏ |
| Accusative | -କୁ | -ମାନଙ୍କୁ |
| Instrumental | -ରେ, -ଦ୍ୱାରା, -ଦେଇ | -ମାନଙ୍କରେ, -ମାନଙ୍କଦ୍ୱାରା |
| Dative | -କୁ | -ମାନଙ୍କୁ |
| Ablative | -ରୁ, -ଠାରୁ | -ମାନଙ୍କରୁ, -ମାନଙ୍କଠାରୁ |
| Genitive | -ର | -ମାନଙ୍କର |
| Locative | -ରେ, -ଠାରେ | -ମାନଙ୍କରେ, -ମାନଙ୍କଠାରେ |
| Vocative | ହେ, ରେ, ହୋ | |
For Vocative case: Due to no inflections, vocative particle is used.
Pronouns[edit]
Pronouns are classified both notionally and morphologically.
Personal pronouns are of two types:
- Direct case- used for Nominative case
- Oblique case- used with case inflections (Accusative, Instrumental, Dative, Ablative, Genitive, Locative)
| Person | Case | Pronoun | Singular | Pronoun | Plural |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1st | Direct | I | ମୁଁ | We | ଆମେ ଆମେମାନେ |
| Oblique | Me, My, Mine | ମୋ- | Us, Our, Ours | ଆମ- ଆମମାନଙ୍କ- | |
| 2nd | Direct | You | ତୁ (informal) ତୁମେ (formal) ଆପଣ (honorific) |
You | ତୁମେମାନେ ଆପଣମାନେ (honorific) |
| Oblique | You, Your, Yours | ତୋ- (informal) ତୁମ- (formal) ଆପଣଙ୍କ- (honorific) |
You, Your, Yours | ତୁମମାନଙ୍କ- ଆପଣମାନଙ୍କ- (honorific) | |
| 3rd (distal) |
Direct | He/She | ସେ | They | ସେମାନେ |
| Oblique | Him/Her, His/Hers | ତା- (informal) ତାଙ୍କ- (formal) |
Them/Their/Theirs | ସେମାନଙ୍କ- |
Adjectives[edit]
| Adjective type | Eg. | Meaning |
|---|---|---|
| adjective | ଭଲ ପୁଅ | good boy |
| ନାଲି ଫୁଲ | blue flower | |
| adjective(numeral)-specifier | ଦଶଟି ଫୁଲ | ten flowers |
| ପାଞ୍ଚଟା ଗାଁ | five villages | |
| ଜଣେ ଛାତ୍ର | a student | |
| ଦଶ ଜଣ ଶିକ୍ଷକ | ten teachers | |
| adjective(numeral)-quantity/measure | ପାଞ୍ଚ କିଲୋ ପରିବା | 5 kg vegetables |
| ଦଶ ଲିଟର ତେଲ | 10 ltr oil | |
| adjective adjective | ଅତି ବଡ଼ ଘର | very big house |
| ଭାରି ସୁନ୍ଦର ପିଲା | very beautiful child | |
| adverb adjective | ଧୀର ମିଠା କଥା | soft sweet talk |
| compound adverb | କାନ୍ଦ କାନ୍ଦ ମୁଁହ | crying face |
| ହସ ହସ ଭାବ | smiling appearance | |
| adverb verbal noun | ଧୀର ଚାଲି | slow walking |
| ଚଞ୍ଚଳ ଖିଆ | quick eating |
| Type | Adjective type | Noun/Verb | Eg. | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Suffix | noun-ā | ରୋଗ | ରୋଗା ଲୋକ | ill person |
| ଦକ୍ଷିଣ | ଦକ୍ଷିଣା ପବନ | southern wind | ||
| verb-ā | ଶୁଣ | ଶୁଣା କଥା | heard matter | |
| ଜାଣ | ଜଣା ଖବର | known news | ||
| noun verb-ā | ଚାଉଳ, ଧୋ | ଚାଉଳ ଧୁଆ ପାଣି | rice-washed water | |
| ଲୁଗା, କାଚ୍ | ଲୁଗା କଚା ସାବୁନ୍ | cloth washing soap | ||
| verb-i | ଗୁଣ | ଗୁଣି ଲେକ | good person | |
| ଦାମ୍ | ଦାମି ଜିନିଷ | costly thing |
Postpositions[edit]
Postpositions used with Inflections: The postpositions which occur with nominal forms and function as both morphological and syntactic markers. They are added to the nominal stems formed by noun-genitive case markers.
| Postpositions | Meaning | Postpositions | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| ଉପରେ | up | ପରି | like |
| ମଧ୍ୟରେ | between | ଭଳି | like |
| ଭିତରେ | in | ପ୍ରତି | per head |
| ତଳେ | under | ଜଗୁଁ | because of |
| ପାଖରେ | near | ହେତୁ | because of |
| ବଦଳରେ | instead of | ନେଇ | by |
| ନିକତରେ | near | ଦେଇ | by |
| ଠାରୁ | from | ଦ୍ୱାରା | by |
| ସକାସେ | for | ପାଁଇ | by |
| ନିମନ୍ତେ | for | ଠାରେ | at |
| ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତେ | instead of | ରୁପେ | like |
Indeclinable Postpositions: Those which do not have inflected suffixes, function as indeclinables.
| Postpositions | Meaning | Postpositions | Meaning |
|---|---|---|---|
| ଭଳି | like | ପରି | like |
| ହେଲେ | then | ସବୁ | all |
| ସହିତ | with | ସଙ୍ଗେ | with |
| ନିମନ୍ତେ | for | ସାଥେ | with |
| ମଧ୍ୟ | also | ଅନ୍ତେ | then |
| ସହ | with | ଜାକ | all |
Classifiers[edit]
When a noun is enumerated, it takes a group of morphemes called classifiers.
When the number denotes 'one', then the structure of the phrase:
- classifier-numeral noun
Eg- ଜଣେ ପିଲା - one child
When the numeral is more than 'one', then the structure is:
- numeral classifier noun
Eg- ଦୁଇ ଜଣ ପିଲା - two children
Classifiers have two types-
- qualifiers- used for count nouns.
Nouns which occur with ଗୋଟା,ଗୋଟି or its variant -ଟା,-ଟି
Eg- ଗୋଟିଏ ପିଲା - one child, ଦୁଇଟି ପିଲା -two children
ଗୋଟିଏ ଘର - one house, ଦୁଇଟି ଘର - two houses
Other types of count nouns of human and non human forms include-
ଜଣେ ପିଲା - one child
ଖଣ୍ଡେ ଲୁଗା - one piece of cloth
ଗୋଛାଏ କାଠ - one bundle of wood
ଫାଳେ କାଠ - a half piece of wood
ଗଦାଏ କାଠ - one heap of wood
କିଲେ କାଠ - one kilo of wood
ଫୁଟେ କାଠ - one foot of wood
ବସ୍ତାଏ କାଠ - one sack of wood
- quantifiers- used for mass nouns
Nouns which occur with ମେଞ୍ଚା
Eg- ମେଞ୍ଚାଏ କାଦୁଅ - a lump of mud
Verbs[edit]
References[edit]
- ↑ Mahapatra, B.P. (2002). Linguistic Survey of India: Orissa (PDF). Kolkata, India: Language Division, Office of the Registrar General. p. 36. Retrieved 5 August 2020. Search this book on
- ↑ Grierson, G.A. (1903–28). Linguistic Survey of India. India: Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing. p. 367. Retrieved 31 October 2020. Search this book on
Bibliography[edit]
- Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh, eds. (2003), The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-77294-5
- Masica, Colin (1991), The Indo-Aryan Languages, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-29944-2
- John Beames, A comparative grammar of the modern Aryan languages of India: to wit, Hindi, Panjabi, Sindhi, Gujarati, Marathi, Oriya, and Bangali. Londinii: Trübner, 1872–1879. 3 vols.
- Hallam, Ebenezer (1874), Oriya Grammar for English Students, Baptist Mission Press
- Sutton, Amos (1831), An Introductory Grammar of the Oriya Language, Baptist Mission Press
- Mahapatra, B.P. (2007), A synchronic grammar of Oriya : standard spoken and written, Central Institute of Indian Languages, Mysore
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