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Pakistan war crimes

From EverybodyWiki Bios & Wiki

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Pakistan war crimes are violations of the law of war committed by members of the Pakistan Armed Forces and the ISI. This ranges from war crimes against its neighbouring country.

1971 Bangladesh Liberation War

During the 1971 Bangladesh Liberation War, members of the Pakistani military and Razakars raped between 200,000 and 400,000 Bengali women and girls in a systematic campaign of genocidal rape.[1][2][3][4] Most of the rape victims of the Pakistani Army and its allies were Hindu women.[5] Some of these women died in captivity or committed suicide while others moved to India.[6] Imams and Muslim religious leaders declared the women "war booty”.[7][8] The activists and leaders of Islamic parties are also accused to be involved in the rapes and abduction of women.[8] The attacks were led by General Tikka Khan, who was the architect of Operation Searchlight and was given the name the "butcher of Bengal" by the Bengalis for his actions. Khan said—when reminded on 27 March 1971 that he was in charge of a majority province—"I will reduce this majority to a minority".[9][10] Bina D'Costa believes an anecdote used by Khan is significant, in that it provides proof of the mass rapes being a deliberate strategy. In Jessore, while speaking with a group of journalists Khan was reported to have said, "Pehle inko Mussalman karo" (lit. First, make them Muslims). D'Costa argues that this shows that in the highest echelons of the armed forces the Bengalis were perceived as being disloyal Muslims and unpatriotic Pakistanis.h-

Hindu victims

The Pakistani elite believed that Hindus were behind the revolt and that as soon as there was a solution to the "Hindu problem" the conflict would resolve. For Pakistanis, the violence against Hindus was a strategic policy.[11] Muslim Pakistani men believed the sacrifice of Hindu women was needed to fix the national malaise.[12] Anecdotal evidence suggests that Imams and Mullahs supported the rapes by the Pakistani Army and issued fatwas declaring the women war booty. A fatwa from West Pakistan during the war asserted that women taken from Bengali Hindus could be considered war booty.[8][13]

The mostly Punjabi soldiers hated anything to do with Hinduism.[14] The extreme hatred Pakistanis felt towards Hindus could be seen in their especially brutal violence against Hindus as the Pakistani Army and its local allies raped and murdered Hindu women. The implication for Bengali women of being connected in any way to a "Hindu" identity was rape by the Army. Women were captured and taken to camps established throughout the country.[15] In these military camps and cantonments the Pakistani soldiers kept the captives as their sex-slaves.[16][17]

Female Hindu captives were raped in Pakistani Army camps.[18] The Pakistani Army committed mass rape of Hindu women because they were Hindus and the Army intended to destroy their faith, social position and self-esteem.[19] The policy of raping Hindu captives intended to change the community's bloodline.[18] The total effect of mass sexual violence against Hindu women demonstrated the existence of the genocidal actus reas.[20] In the Akayesu case the Bangladeshi Tribunal emphasised that the violence against Hindu women was committed not just against them individually but because of their membership of their community.[20]

Bina D'Costa spoke with many respondents who especially mentioned the brutality of Pakistan's army in its "handling" of Hindus. The members from the Hindu community with whom she interacted firmly believed in the persecution of Hindus by the Pakistan army and Razakaar during the war. Hindu women who were kidnapped by Pakistan army were never seen again; mostly they were killed after being raped. Bina D'Costa interacted with families of two Hindu women who were taken by "Punjabi" army men, neither of them returned to their respective homes after the war.[21] Aubrey Menen who was a war correspondent wrote about a 17 year old Hindu bride who was gang raped by six Pakistani soldiers according to her father.

Two went into the room that had been built for the bridal couple. The others stayed behind with the family, one of them covering them with his gun. They heard a barked order, and the bridegroom's voice protesting. Then there was silence until the bride screamed...In a few minutes one of the soldiers came out, his uniform in disarray. He grinned to his companions. Another soldier took his place in the extra room. And so on, until all six had raped the belle of the village. Then all six left, hurriedly. The father found his daughter lying on the string unconscious and bleeding. Her husband was crouched on the floor, kneeling over his vomit.[22]

Afghanistan

On 16 April 2022, the Pakistani military conducted predawn airstrikes on multiple targets in Afghanistan's Khost and Kunar provinces.[23] Afghan officials said the attacks killed at least 47 civilians and injured 23 others, mostly women and children.[24][23][25][26] Most of the people killed had been displaced from North Waziristan, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan,[27] but the casualties in Kunar Province also included family members of a militant, according to locals.[28] Initial reports described the attacks as either rocket strikes or aerial strikes carried out by a number of aircraft of the Pakistan Air Force,[29][23][30][31] and Afghan officials claimed the operation was carried out by Pakistani military helicopters and jets.[23][29][32] Pakistani officials initially denied Pakistan carried out the airstrikes,[33][34][27] but Pakistani security officials later claimed the airstrikes involved drone strikes from inside Pakistani airspace, and that no aircraft were deployed.[35] Some reports said the Pakistani airstrikes also targeted parts of Paktika Province.[36][30]

The United Nations confirmed that the airstrikes killed a total of 20 children in their homes, including 12 girls and 3 boys in Khost Province, and 3 girls and 2 boys in Kunar Province.[28][37] The Taliban administration in Kabul did not release casualty figures,[38][31] but acknowledged civilian deaths and diplomatically protested the incident.[39][40] The airstrikes appeared to have been carried out as retaliation to an attack on a Pakistani military convoy in North Waziristan, Pakistan on 14 April, which had killed seven Pakistani soldiers. According to the Pakistani media and some Afghan media outlets, the attacks targeted militants belonging to Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan (TTP).[41] Pakistani soldiers had also reportedly clashed with Taliban forces around 9 p.m. on 15 April in Gurbuz District, Khost Province, killing two Taliban fighters.[42]

References

  1. ↑ Sharlach 2000, pp. 92–93.
  2. ↑ Sajjad 2012, p. 225.
  3. ↑ Ghadbian 2002, p. 111.
  4. ↑ Mookherjee 2012, p. 68.
  5. ↑ Bartrop, Paul R.; Jacobs, Steven Leonard, eds. (2014). Modern Genocide: The Definitive Resource and Document Collection. ABC-CLIO. p. 1866. ISBN 978-1-61069-364-6. Search this book on
  6. ↑ Islam 2019, p. 175: "The Pakistani occupation army and its local collaborators targeted mostly the Hindu women and girls for rape and sexual violence. Many rape victims were killed in captivity while others migrated to India or committed suicide"
  7. ↑ Siddiqi 1998, p. 208.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 D'Costa 2011, p. 108.
  9. ↑ Chalk & Jonassohn 1990, p. 369.
  10. ↑ Gotam 1971, p. 26.
  11. ↑ D'Costa 2011, p. 101.
  12. ↑ Yasmin Saikia, Women, War, and the Making of Bangladesh : Remembering 1971, pg. 52
  13. ↑ Siddiqi 1998, pp. 208–209: "Sometime during the war, a fatwa originating in West Pakistan labeled Bengali freedom fighters 'Hindus' and declared that 'the wealth and women' to be secured by warfare with them could be treated as the booty of war. [Footnote, on p. 225:] S. A. Hossain, "Fatwa in Islam: Bangladesh Perspective," Daily Star (Dhaka), 28 December 1994, 7."
  14. ↑ D'Costa 2010, pp. 101-102.
  15. ↑ D'Costa 2011, p. 102.
  16. ↑ Gerlach 2010, p. 155.
  17. ↑ Nayanika Mookherjee (23 October 2015). The Spectral Wound: Sexual Violence, Public Memories, and the Bangladesh War of 1971. Duke University Press. pp. 159–. ISBN 978-0-8223-7522-7. Search this book on
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Islam 2019, p. 177.
  19. ↑ Islam 2019, p. 176.
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 Islam 2019, p. 176-177.
  21. ↑ Bina D'Costa, Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia (2011) pg. 139
  22. ↑ Bina D'Costa, Nationbuilding, Gender and War Crimes in South Asia (2011) pp. 121-122
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 "Afghanistan death toll in 'Pakistan strikes' rises to at least 47: officials". France 24. April 17, 2022. Tension between the two neighbours further deepened after Saturday's pre-dawn air assault which Afghan officials now claim was carried out by Pakistani military helicopters.
  24. ↑ "At least 47 dead in Afghanistan after Pakistan attacks: Officials". Al Jazeera. April 17, 2022.
  25. ↑ "Afghanistan: Afghanistan death toll in 'Pakistan strikes' rises to at least 47: Officials". Al Arabiya English. 17 April 2022.
  26. ↑ "Taliban Condemn Pakistan for Alleged Cross-Border Attacks in Afghanistan". VOA. 16 April 2022.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 "Death Toll From Pakistani Airstrike Rises to 45, Afghan Officials Say". The New York Times. 17 April 2022. Retrieved 20 April 2022. The airstrikes on Saturday appear to have been carried out as retaliation to that attack. Most of the people killed in the airstrikes had been displaced from North Waziristan, according to locals.
  28. ↑ 28.0 28.1 Shah, Saeed (28 April 2022). "Pakistani Militants Test Taliban Promise Not to Host Terror Groups". Wall Street Journal.
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named L
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named asiat1
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 "Pakistan Calls On Taliban To Act Against 'Terrorists' Operating On Afghan Soil". RFE/RL. 17 April 2022.
  32. ↑ Janjua, Haroon (21 April 2022). "Tensions increase between Taliban and Pakistan over attacks". Deutsche Welle. Afghan officials claimed that most of the civilians were killed when a Pakistani jet entered inside Afghanistan. Pakistan denied the claim of carrying out airstrikes.
  33. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named aj2
  34. ↑ "Taliban authorities summon Pakistani envoy to protest military strikes". Reuters. 16 April 2022. A local Taliban official and residents said 36 people were killed in air strikes on Friday by Pakistani aircraft entering Afghan airspace. Pakistan denied it carried out the strikes.
  35. ↑ Baghwan, Jamshed (19 April 2022). "'Pak drone' eliminated TTP targets in Afghanistan". The Express Tribune. Retrieved 20 April 2022.
  36. ↑ "IEA, Pleads Resolution Between TTP & Pakistan Government Through Negotiation". Bakhtar News Agency. 16 April 2022. Archived from the original on 14 December 2022. Retrieved 16 December 2022. Meanwhile, last night, Pakistan targeted airstrikes in parts of Mir Safar and Kurai areas of Khost province, on 20 TTP members in Kunar province, and parts of Paktika province.
  37. ↑ "UNICEF confirms death of 20 children in Khost and Kunar airstrikes". Ariana News. 20 April 2022.
  38. ↑ "FO tells Kabul: Terrorists carrying out activities in Pakistan from Afghan soil". The News International. 18 April 2022. However, in what Kabul said was a strong demarche for Pakistan’s leaders, Kabul has not mentioned any deaths or people wounded as has been carried in several media reports.
  39. ↑ Gannon, Kathy (18 April 2022). "Pakistan warns neighbor Afghanistan not to shelter militants". Washington Post. The Taliban’s spokesman Zabihullah Mujahid said civilians were killed in the bombing raids although no official numbers have been released.
  40. ↑ Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; no text was provided for refs named Pajhwok
  41. ↑ *"Pakistan, Afghanistan teeter toward a border war". Asia Times. April 18, 2022.
  42. ↑ "Local Sources: Airstrikes by Pakistan Army Kill 30 Civilians in Parts of Khost Province". Hasht-e Subh Daily. 16 April 2022. Archived from the original on 16 April 2022. Retrieved 16 December 2022.



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