Postmodern Ghazal
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Postmodern ghazal (Persian: غزل پستمدرن) is a literary movement that started in the 1990s in Iran. Postmodern ghazal incorporates traditional Persian poetry arrangements with the contemporary social and political issues in Iran.[1][2] These poems are usually influenced by post-modern philosophers, linguists and sociologists, but they are written in Persian rhythmic and rhyming styles such as ghazal, masnavi, chaharpare, etc.[3] Initially, the movement was influenced by Reza Baraheni's linguist poems, but in the next years, it distanced itself from them. Additionally, later it found many audiences and commemorations, magazines and workshops were held under the name of postmodern ghazal, which aided to spread it more among the young generation. The direct language, rebelliousness and dealing with topics that were considered taboo in the society, helped it find strong fans among the young generation and leading artists; But at the same time, it caused the reaction of traditional poets and the conservative part of the society.
Postmodern Ghazal poets and their works have faced many limitation from the Ministry of Culture and Islamic Guidance of the Islamic Republic of Iran in different periods. These pressures started with censorship and declaring books unprintable and confiscation of publications, and in many cases they reached severe measures such as arrest, prison and flogging.[4] Many books of postmodern ghazal works are banned in Iran and are sold underground or available online for free.[5]
Major figures[edit]
Fateme Ekhtesari, a poet and midwife from Karaj, and her poetry teacher Mehdi Mousavi are considered leaders of the postmodern ghazal movement for their use of ghazals to reflect on contemporary Iranian society.[6] In 2014, Ekhtesari and Mousavi were disappeared and imprisoned in Evin Prison on charges of immoral behaviour and treason.[7][8]
References[edit]
- ↑ Khadem, Amir. "2.2 Four Poems by Mehdi Mousavi". Inquire - Journal of Comparative Literature. Retrieved 2022-10-07.
- ↑ "Rewriting the Past: Exploring Innovations in Postmodern Persian Poetry | Association for Iranian Studies (AIS) | انجمن ایران پژوهی". associationforiranianstudies.org. Retrieved 2023-02-07.
- ↑ "Rewriting the Past: Exploring Innovations in Postmodern Persian Poetry | Association for Iranian Studies (AIS) | انجمن ایران پژوهی". associationforiranianstudies.org. Retrieved 2022-10-07.
- ↑ "Mehdi Mousavi and Fatemeh Ekhtesari in Lillehammer". ICORN international cities of refuge network. Retrieved 2023-02-07.
- ↑ Moe, Erlend (2017-04-13). "På flukt fra 99 piskeslag". NRK (in norsk bokmål). Retrieved 2023-02-07.
- ↑ Bouzid, Samia (2021-04-10). "Modern Ghazals: How a 1,500-Year-Old Poetic Form Lives On Today". Inside Arabia. Retrieved 2023-02-07.
- ↑ Karimi, Nilufaar (2020). "Nuclear Deal (Poems)". University of Colorado. ProQuest 2412999598.
- ↑ "Fatemeh Ekhtesari". aschehoug.no. Retrieved 2023-02-07.
Further reading[edit]
- ensani.ir in Persian
- ensani.ir in Persian
- sayeha.org in Persian
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