Prof Amitabha Ghosh
| Prof Amitabha Ghosh | |
|---|---|
Academician | |
| Born | 3rd December 1941 Birbhum, West Bengal |
| 💼 Occupation | |
| 👩 Spouse(s) | Meena Ghosh |
Biography
Professor Amitabha Ghosh is a pioneering and inspiring figure in the Indian higher education system.[1] During his career, spanning over half a century, he has been marked by plentiful illustrious achievements in multifaceted aspects of fundamental and applied research, technology development, authorship of books, administration, and social development. His major research contributions include discovering the effect of magnetic field on wear,[2] developing methods of enhancing damping through introduced stress concentration, analyzing kinetoelastodynamic problems of high-speed compliant mechanisms, and discovering the phenomenon of chaos in mechanical systems. He has also developed a modified law of inertial induction, leading to a modification of the laws of motion. Professor Ghosh has guided more than 55 M.Tech. and 19 PhD students and published about 125 research papers. He has authored 9 books on science and engineering, and the textbooks by him on engineering are considered classics and are followed extensively in India and abroad. He set up the first robotics centre in India in 1986 and initiated robotics education in India in 1983. In 2001, Professor Ghosh started the School of Medical Science and Technology to start postgraduate education and research for MBBS doctors at IIT Kharagpur[3], thereby bringing medical science into the IIT system for the first time in India. Since 2005, Professor Ghosh has been regularly organizing specialized short courses on physics and astronomy for senior school students using funds from the science academies, DST's INSPIRE programme, and funds from IUCAA Pune. He also arranges astronomy programmes for school students at ARIES Nainital.
Early life
Professor Amitabha Ghosh was born on 3rd December 1942 in a remote village on the Birbhum–Jharkhand border. After finishing schooling from the village school, Barhra High School, in 1956, Prof. Ghosh studied at Suri Vidyasagar College from 1956 to 1958 and received his Intermediate in Science degree from Calcutta University. Afterward, he joined Bengal Engineering College, Shibpur, currently known as Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology (IIEST) Shibpur, and received his Bachelor's and Master's degrees in Mechanical Engineering from Calcutta University in 1962 and 1964, respectively. He received three Calcutta University Gold Medals for standing first class first with record marks and standing first among the students of all branches of engineering of the university in both examinations. He joined the College as a Lecturer in Mechanical Engineering in May 1965 and continued his doctoral research, receiving the D.Phil. degree from Calcutta University in 1969. In January 1971, Prof. Ghosh joined IIT Kanpur as an Assistant Professor in the Mechanical Engineering Department and in June 1975 became a Professor. During 1977 and 1978, Professor Ghosh visited Technical University, Aachen, (RWTH) Germany as a Senior Fellow of the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation. He visited the university many times subsequently as a Fellow of the Foundation until 2013. Besides doing research, he also taught at the University. Professor Ghosh served IIT Kharagpur as the Director from April 1997 to April 2002, after which he returned to his original professorial position at IIT Kanpur. He retired from IIT Kanpur in 2006. After his formal retirement, Professor Ghosh became a Senior Scientist of the Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi from January 2007 to December 2011 and a Platinum Jubilee Senior Scientist of the National Academy of Sciences, India, Allahabad from January 2012 to December 2015. From January 2016, he is an Honorary Scientist of the Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi.[4] During this whole period, Professor Ghosh was associated with IIEST Shibpur as an Honorary Distinguished Professor in the Aerospace Engineering and Applied Mechanics Department.
Expanded description
Prof. Ghosh’s primary areas of research and teaching have been Manufacturing Science, Machine Dynamics, Robotics, and Basic Mechanics. Apart from making a number of valuable contributions in the fields of Manufacturing Science, Dynamics, and Robotics, he made a number of original discoveries.[5] Later at IIT Kanpur, he and his colleague, along with their research scholar, were the first to observe chaos in mechanical systems. They conducted the first experiment on chaos in mechanical systems in 1979. In the early 1980s, Prof. Ghosh developed his theory of Inertial Induction based upon an extension of Mach’s Principle that led to many exciting results in celestial mechanics and cosmology (Origin of Inertia, Apeiron, Montreal 2000). He was the first to predict the existence of a secular retardation of Mars and estimated its magnitude. The first Centre for Robotics at IIT Kanpur was started in 1986 using a grant from the Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India, and it was renamed as the Centre for Mechatronics in 1989. Prof. Ghosh was the founder Head from 1986 to 1989. Professor Ghosh has been instrumental in starting a Joint Indo-US Centre for conducting collaborative research in advanced and futuristic topics in Manufacturing Science. IIT Kanpur was the nodal institute, and the partnering institutes in India were IIT Kharagpur, CMERI Durgapur, and IIEST Shibpur. The participating universities from the USA were the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Northwestern University, Evanston, University of California, Irvine, University of Illinois, Chicago, and the University of Missouri, Columbia. A large number of visits by faculty and graduate students from both sides have been approved, and a number of collaborative sponsored research projects resulted through this programme. Under this programme, international workshops on specialized topics were also held every year. The areas in which research was being conducted jointly were microfabrication, shape and pattern generation, micro actuators based on Ionic Polymers, etc. The whole programme was funded by the Indo-US Science and Technology Forum and continued from 2006 to 2013. During his tenure as the Chairman of CMERI (2001–2013), Professor Ghosh’s initiative led to a multi-institutional M.Tech. Programme offered by IIEST Shibpur jointly with three CSIR national laboratories—Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute, Pilani; Central Scientific Instruments Organisation, Chandigarh; and Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute (CMERI) Durgapur. It was the first of its kind and has continued since 2007. Professor Ghosh has guided a large number of Masters and Doctoral scholars and has written nine books published from India, the USA, Canada, and Germany. The textbooks authored by him are extremely popular both in India and abroad, resulting in a large number of editions and reprints of these books during the last forty years. Apart from his regular professional activities, Prof. Ghosh has made valuable contributions to society as well. Through his efforts, he brought electric supply to his native village in 1972, making it one of the first electrified villages in West Bengal. He also initiated the upgradation of the local hospital, and the first telephone exchange came to his village in 2000 through his efforts. In 2012, he mentored the start of a skill development programme in Allied Health Services for young boys and girls from rural areas, which has now grown into a major programme with the support of the Government of West Bengal, through which more than 1500 boys and girls have been trained and got employment. JSV Innovations is the organisation that runs these programmes. In 2013, he mentored the setting up of the first Rural Health Kiosk in the former chamber and laboratory of his father, Late Dr. Achyutananda Ghosh. The Kiosk concept has gained momentum, and under the banner ‘Uday’ M/s JSV Innovations has started more such kiosks in rural West Bengal. As far as arranging public educational programmes is concerned, a registered society, South Howrah Citizens’ Forum (www.shcforum.org), was established in 2009 with Prof. Ghosh as the Founder President. Every month, lecture programmes by eminent speakers from all walks of life are organised for the community of the South Howrah region. The society organised many science education programmes for senior school students. Through the skill development programme “Supervisory Training Programme in Civil Construction” of the society, quite a few boys and girls received training. Apart from writing professional books, Prof. Ghosh writes stories, essays, and novels in Bengali. The two dramas written by him—‘Galilior Doorbin’ and ‘Pratham Aryabhata’—have been staged and have earned a good response. These are now available on YouTube. Apart from receiving three Gold Medals from Calcutta University, Prof. Ghosh received quite a few other awards, which include the Mechanical Engineering Design Award, by the National Design & Research Forum, 1998; Distinguished Teacher Award, I.I.T. Kanpur 2002; Engineering Personality Award, 20th Indian Engineering Congress, 2005; Doctor of Science (h.c.), Indian Institute of Engineering Science & Technology, Shibpur, 2009; Prof Jai Krishna Memorial Award for Research Excellence, Indian National Academy of Engineering, New Delhi, 2012; Distinguished Alumnus Award, Bengal Engineering and Science University, 2014; Institute Fellow of IIT Kanpur, 2015; and Doctor of Science (h.c.), National Institute of Technology, Sikkim, 2017. Professor Ghosh is a Fellow of the Institution of Engineers (India), Indian National Academy of Engineering, New Delhi; Indian Academy of Science, Bangalore; Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi; and The National Academy of Sciences, India, Allahabad.
Published works
Books
1. Ghosh, A. and Mallik, A. K. – “Theory of Mechanisms and Machines”, Affiliated East West Press, New Delhi, 1st ed., 1976, 2nd ed., 1988, 3rd ed., 1998[6], (24 prints)
2. Ghosh, A. and Mallik, A. K. – “Manufacturing Science”, Affiliated East West Press, New Delhi, 1st ed., 1985, 2nd ed., 2010,[7] (28 prints)
3. Mallik, A. K., Ghosh, A. and Dittrich, G. – “Kinematic Analysis and Synthesis of Mechanisms”, CRC Press, USA, 1994, Indian Edition, 2015 [8]
4. Ghosh, A. – “Rapid Prototyping”, Affiliated East West Press, New Delhi, 1995
5. Ghosh, A. – “Origin of Inertia: Extended Mach’s Principle and Cosmological Consequences”, Apeiron, Montreal, 2000, Affiliated East West Press, New Delhi, 2002
6. Ghosh, A. – “Astronomy”, Vol. 1, Pt. 2 of the series “History of Science in India”, The National Academy of Sciences, India and Ramkrishna Mission Institute of Culture, Kolkata, March 2015
7. Ghosh, A. and Corves, B. – “Introduction to Micromechanisms and Microactuators”, Springer, 2015
8. Ghosh, A. – “Introduction to Dynamics” Springer, May 2018
9. Ghosh, A. – “Conceptual Evolution of Newtonian and Relativistic Mechanics”, Springer, November 2017[9]
10. Ghosh, A. – “Descriptive Archaeoastronomy and Ancient Indian Chronology”, Springer, (under publication) III Book Chapters
1. Ghosh, A. – “Scaling Laws”, in “Mechanics over Micro and Nano Scales”, Suman Chakraborty (ed), Springer, 2011
IV Other Publications (in Bengali)
1. ‘Samay Rahasyer Aaborte’ - Dey’s Publisher, Kolkata, 1999
2. ‘Mouja Gangarampur’ - Sahityam, Kolkata, 2007
3. ‘Galileor Doorbin’ – An original drama on Galileo’s little-known struggle resulting in the development of the astronomical telescope. Staged at IIEST auditorium in November 2015 and received extensive praise.
4. ‘Pratham Aryabhata’ – The first-ever drama on Aryabhata I’s life. It was staged at Hem Sheela Model School, Durgapur, during the INSA Fellows lecture programme from 5th to 7th August 2019. This is the first-ever drama on Aryabhata I, the celebrated 5th-century astronomer and mathematician. These two dramas can be seen on YouTube.
Honours, decorations, awards and distinctions
a) Calcutta University Gold Medal for standing First class First in B.E. examination, 1962
b) Calcutta University A.H. Pandya Gold Medal for standing First among all branches of engineering in B.E. examination, 1962
c) Calcutta University Gold Medal for standing First in M.E. examination, 1964
d) Mechanical Engineering Design Award, National Design & Research Forum, Institution of Engineers (India), 1998
e) Distinguished Teacher Award, I.I.T. Kanpur 2002
f) Engineering Personality Award, 20th Indian Engineering Congress, 2005
g) Doctor of Science (h.c.), Indian Institute of Engineering Science & Technology, Shibpur, 2009
h) Prof Jai Krishna Award for Research Excellence, Indian National Academy of Engineering, New Delhi, 2012
i) Distinguished Alumnus Award, Bengal Engineering and Science University, 2014
j) Institute Fellow of IIT Kanpur, IIT Kanpur, 2015
k) Doctor of Science (h.c.), National Institute of Technology, Sikkim, 2017
Fellowships / Memberships:
a) Fellow, Institution of Engineers (India)
b) Fellow, Indian National Academy of Engineering, New Delhi
c) Fellow, Indian Academy of Sciences, Bangalore
d) Fellow, Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi
e) Fellow, The National Academy of Science, India, Allahabad
f) Honorary Life Fellow, Association of Mechanisms & Machines
Professional Contributions and their Impact
IMPORTANT RESEARCH CONTRIBUTIONS OF FUNDAMENTAL NATURE
(i) Effect of Magnetic Field on Wear: Professor Ghosh was the first to detect and report the effect of an externally applied magnetic field on the wear characteristics of ferromagnetic materials during sliding contact in 1968. The mechanics of the process based on dislocation dynamics was proposed and experimentally verified. It was effectively used to improve the life of specialized and expensive cutting tools for machining. Many researchers have worked on this topic after his publication, as evidenced by the papers published.
(ii) Chaos in Engineering Systems: Chaos is a very popular term now and constitutes a major field of R&D. The phenomenon of chaos in mechanical systems was first detected by Professor Ghosh and his co-workers at IIT Kanpur in 1978. The first-ever experiment on chaos in a mechanical system was also conducted at IIT Kanpur by him and his group in 1978.
(iii) Extension of Mach's Principle, a New Gravitation Model and Modification of Newton's Laws: Professor Ghosh proposed a phenomenological model of an extended Mach's Principle, which explains a number of natural phenomena, including the exact equivalence of gravitational and inertial masses and the cosmological red shift. Many other unexplained phenomena in astrophysics have been explained. The model also yields new explanations for the secular retardation of the Earth & satellites without invoking any problems. The unexplained extra red shifts in many situations are also explained. The work predicts a secular retardation of the planet Mars that is being investigated at JPL, NASA, as conventional mechanics does not predict any such retardation.
(iv) Mechanics of Blanking: He was the first to propose a mechanics of blanking operation that can explain all characteristics quantitatively, including the optimal die and punch clearances from the material properties. The results agree very well with experimental observations. This mechanics helps in the design of dies and punches.
(v) Electrochemical Discharge and its Application in Manufacturing Processes: He was the first to propose the mechanism of the electrochemical discharge phenomenon during ECDM in 1987. He also applied the phenomenon to develop a number of processes like microwelding and fused deposition modelling. His team has conducted research to understand the phenomenon of Electrochemical Discharge in stagnant electrolytes and in electrolyte jets.
(vi) Diffusion Wear of Cutting Tools: It was Professor Ghosh who first investigated the diffusion wear phenomenon in cutting tools. A theoretical model explained the observed characteristics in 1964. He also explained why diffusion wear is important for cutting tool wear.
SOME IMPORTANT RESEARCH CONTRIBUTIONS OF APPLIED NATURE
(i) Vibration Control through Introduced Stress Concentration: Professor Ghosh was the first to conceive and develop the idea of increasing material damping through the deliberate introduction of stress concentration and the use of inserts in 1969.
(ii) Kinetoelastodynamics of High Speed Compliant Mechanisms: He was the first to develop a method to obtain direct steady-state kinetoelastodynamic solutions for high-speed compliant mechanisms in 1976. This made the design of such mechanisms easier and more reliable. The method has been used by designers and consultants in the USA and Germany in the 1970s and 1980s in designing high-speed mechanisms.
(iii) Circular Plates on Elastic Foundation: He was the first to develop generalised solutions for problems involving circular elastic plates on elastic foundations in 1969. This has been used by many practicing structural engineers and consulting firms for designing towers, tanks, silos, etc. in India and in the Middle East countries.
(iv) Visioplasticity Analysis of Metal Deformation Processes: He was the first to develop a direct visioplasticity method to study plastic deformation processes in manufacturing operations. This eliminated the need for incremental deformation records, making the method applicable in practical situations.
SOME CONTRIBUTIONS IN TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT
(i) Regenerative Brake System for Cycle Rickshaw: Prof. Ghosh developed a regenerative brake mechanism for cycle rickshaws, which drastically reduced the wastage of muscle energy of pullers. It is expected to be of significant importance from the health point of view, as the loss of muscle energy is substantially reduced. In Indian towns, cycle rickshaws play a major role, and the extreme fatigue levels are the cause of large-scale tuberculosis cases among rickshaw pullers. The work was done to reduce the level of misery of this section of poor people.
(ii) Improved Traction for Cycle Rickshaw: He developed a simple cycle rickshaw drive to eliminate the inherent eccentricity in the traction effort, making pulling the rickshaw easier. It also improved stability and driving comfort.
(iii) Universal Lens Polishing Machine: Prof. Ghosh developed a novel mechanism for universal polishing/grinding machines. With this mechanism, table-top universal lens polishing machines were developed. The mechanism is based on a new concept, and with this, the machines become compact and commercially competitive.
(iv) ECD Deposition Machine: He, along with his team, developed the first micro fused deposition modelling machine using electrochemical discharge.
(v) Large Transmission Ratio Mechanical Drive: A completely new device capable of reducing speed by a large ratio in a single step was developed. This new drive is much superior to the standard harmonic drive in its power transmission capacity. This drive was used in the automatic valve actuators manufactured by Actuator’s India, Calcutta.
(vi) Tele-operated Robotic Vehicles: He developed two tele-operated robotic vehicles (both with and without cable connection) for the nuclear establishments in India (Bhabha Atomic Research Centre) for the first time.
(vii) Extruded Deposition Rapid Prototyping Machine: It is based on a modified form of deposition modelling machine. In this, extrusion of pallets of composite polymers leading to deposition gives the required ‘free form’ shape.
OTHER IMPORTANT CONTRIBUTIONS IN EDUCATION
(A) Robotics Education in India and IIT Kanpur Developed the first Robotics Centre in the country at IIT Kanpur in 1986 and introduced the Study of Robotics in 1983. This interdisciplinary centre is one of the best places for conducting academic and developmental research in the field of Robotics. The Centre has produced more than 20 PhDs and about 160 M.Techs in the field until now. This Centre has played a major role in supplying the country with engineers trained in the area of Robotics and Mechatronics during the 1980s and 1990s.
(B) First Postgraduate Programme in Medical Science & Technology: Conceived the idea of a postgraduate programme in Medical Science in the IIT system and implemented it in 2001. It is a very attractive programme, and a large number of MBBS doctors with first-class honours apply for admission to the 3-year Master's programme at IIT Kharagpur every year since 2001. Now it has been extended to an M.Tech. programme also in Medical Science and Technology for engineering students. Now IIT Kharagpur is going to introduce an MBBS programme into its curriculum, and a specialized hospital is coming up in the institute.
Many very useful results in the area of developing affordable disease detection devices and medical technology go to the credit of the School. Development of advanced imaging techniques for early detection of cancer has been a major success story of the School, besides producing highly skilled medical doctors with a good grasp of advanced technology.
(C) Indo-US Centre for Advanced and Futuristic Engineering (Fabrionics): Professor Ghosh has been instrumental in starting a Joint Indo-US Centre for conducting collaborative research in advanced and futuristic topics in Manufacturing Science. IIT Kanpur was the nodal institute, and the partnering institutes in India were IIT Kharagpur, CMERI Durgapur, and IIEST Shibpur. The participating universities from the USA are the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Northwestern University, Evanston, University of California, Irvine, University of Illinois, Chicago, and the University of Missouri, Columbia. A large number of visits by faculty and graduate students from both sides have been approved, and a number of collaborative sponsored research projects resulted. Under this programme, international workshops on specialized topics were also held every year. The areas in which research is being conducted jointly are microfabrication, shape and pattern generation, micro actuators based on Ionic Polymers, etc. Based on the proposal of Prof. Ghosh, the Centre and its activities were funded (about 7 Cr) by the Indo-US Science and Technology Forum, New Delhi. This programme helped to establish international R&D groups for conducting research in truly advanced topics in fabrication at micro, nano, and molecular levels. Prof. Ghosh was the Indian Coordinator of the Centre.
Outcome (i) The joint research with Prof. Suman Chakraborty, Head, School of Medical Science and Prof. Marc Madou, Chancellor’s Professor, UC Irvine, has resulted in quick and affordable diagnostic devices based on microfluidics. These are being tested in a hospital, and after the test, these will be used in the Rural Health Kiosks of the State of West Bengal, which have been set up by JSV Innovations. Prof. Ghosh is the mentor of the programme.
(ii) The group formed with Prof. Ashutosh Sharma, Dr. Chandrasekhar Sharma, and Prof. Madou has led to the development of a number of new Carbon MEMS devices and the technology to fabricate carbon-based devices.
(iii) The group formed with Northwestern Univ, UIUC, and CMERI Durgapur has successfully developed new micromachining technologies and tools. Profs. Kornel Ehmann, S G Kapoor, and Drs. Naga Hanumaiah and N C Murmu belong to this group.
(iv) IIEST and UCI team (Profs. Chirosree Roychoudhury, H Kumar Wickramasinghe) are working on micro-electrical diagnostic devices.
(v) Another group with faculty from Northwestern and IIT Kanpur (Prof. Jian Cao and N V Reddy, now at IIT Hyderabad) has developed new forming technology, and machines have been developed for the incremental forming process.
(vi) Research on self-patterning of polymeric materials is being conducted by Profs. R Mukherjee of IIT Kharagpur, Chandrasekhar Sharma of IIT Hyderabad, and Prof. Karim of Akron Univ.
(vii) The Joint Centre groups could get substantial funding (more than 3 million US$) for R&D through the proposals submitted to the funding agencies in India and the USA. 88 exchange visits by faculty and students from India and the USA were supported, 76 joint research papers were published based on the Centre's activities, and a large number of expert lectures (76 by Indian faculty and 51 by US faculty) were delivered in the substantial number of joint workshops organised in India and the USA under the aegis of the Joint Centre. The Fabrionics family that was formed through the Centre is still active, and collaborative activities are ongoing. A report on the Centre entitled “A Saga of International Collaboration” is enclosed along with for detailed information.
(D) First Multi-institutional M. Tech. Programme in Mechatronics: Professor Ghosh’s initiative led to a multi-institutional M.Tech. Programme offered by IIEST Shibpur jointly with three CSIR national laboratories—Central Electronics Engineering Research Institute, Pilani; Central Scientific Instruments Organisation, Chandigarh; and Central Mechanical Engineering Research Institute Durgapur. It was the first of its kind and continued for 10 years—2007 to 2017. The MoU has been renewed, and the joint programme is continuing. This programme has resulted in a very effective tie-up among the three national laboratories and IIEST Shibpur.
MAJOR CONFERENCE / SYMPOSIUM ORGANISED (as organising Chairman) a) National Workshop on Computer Aided Design of Mechanisms – IIT Kanpur in December 1983 b) First National Workshop on Robotics – IIT Kanpur jointly with CII in 1984 c) First International Symposium on Robotics and Robot Applications, IIT Kanpur, December 1984 d) Asia Academic Conference on Advanced Manufacturing, Hyderabad, December 2000 e) Fourth International Conference on Gravitation & Cosmology (ICGC), IIT Kharagpur, January 2000 f) International Conference on Mach's Principle, IIT Kharagpur, February 2002 g) Indo-US Joint Workshop on Advanced and Futuristic Manufacturing, IIT Kanpur, March 2004
INDUSTRIAL COLLABORATION a) Design and Development of Automatic Valve Actuators with Wobble Gear Drive – for M/S Actuators (India), Calcutta, 1975 b) Design and Development of a Shock Absorber Testing Machine – for M/S Narendra & Gyanendra, Ancillary unit of M/S Scooters India Ltd., Lucknow, 1975 c) Study of Stability Characteristics of a Two Wheeler – for M/S Scooters India Ltd., Lucknow, 1978 d) Design and Development of Automatic Lap Cutting Machine – for M/S Nath Opticians, Kanpur, 1983
IMPORTANT SPONSORED PROJECTS AS PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR a) Group Technology Application in Mechanism Synthesis & Selection – Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi, Rs.2,30,000 (1983–86) b) Robotics – Ministry of Human Resource Development, Gov. of India, Rs.60,00,000 (1987–90) c) Development of Regenerative Brakes for Cycle Rickshaw - Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi, Rs.2,80,000 (1991–95) d) Development of Tele-operated Vehicle – BRNS, Department of Atomic Energy, Rs.25,00,000 (1992–95) e) Introduction of Cycle Rickshaw with Regenerative Brakes – Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi, Rs.1,30,000 (1995–97) f) Development of Fused Deposition Modeling and Microwelding Scheme using Electrochemical Discharge – Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi, Rs. 31,00,000 (1997–2001) g) Analysis of Fused Deposition through Electrochemical Discharge - Department of Science and Technology, New Delhi, Rs. 11,12,000 (2002–2007)
Always cite your sources! No original research![10]
See also
List related internal (Wikipedia) articles in alphabetical order. Common nouns are listed first. Proper nouns follow.
References/Notes and references
- ↑ "Lectures by Prof. Amitabha Ghosh | Department of Mechanical Engineering". mech.iitd.ac.in. Retrieved 2019-09-15.
- ↑ "National Institute of Technical Teacher Training and Research, Bhopal". nitttrbpl.ac.in. Retrieved 2019-09-15.
- ↑ "INSA :: Indian Fellow Detail". insaindia.res.in. Archived from the original on 2019-09-17. Retrieved 2019-09-16.
- ↑ "Fellowship | Indian Academy of Sciences". www.ias.ac.in. Retrieved 2019-09-16.
- ↑ "Book Excerptise: An Eye for Excellence: Fifty innovative years of IIT Kanpur by E.C. Subbarao". www.cse.iitk.ac.in. Retrieved 2019-09-21.
- ↑ "Theory of Mechanisms and Machines | Request PDF". ResearchGate. Retrieved 2019-09-16.
- ↑ Ghosh, Amitabha; Mallik, A. K. (1986). Manufacturing science. Chichester [West Sussex] : Ellis Horwood ; New York : Halsted Press. ISBN 9780745800592. Search this book on
- ↑ Mallik, Asok Kumar; Ghosh, Amitabha; Dittrich, Gunter (1994-02-16). Kinematic Analysis and Synthesis of Mechanisms. CRC Press. ISBN 9780849391217. Search this book on
- ↑ Ghosh, Amitabha (2017-10-30). Conceptual Evolution of Newtonian and Relativistic Mechanics. Springer. ISBN 9789811062537. Search this book on
- ↑ Last, first (date). Name of page Archived 2015-04-09 at the Wayback Machine. Page xx. Publisher: xxxx
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