Puxi Fushou Palace
| Puxi Fushou Palace (Hall of the Mingjiao Manichaean Buddha) | |
|---|---|
 Exterior of Puxi Fushou Palace | |
| Religion | |
| Affiliation | Mingjiao (Manichaeism) Taoism, Fujian folk religion |
| Location | |
| Location |  ChinaFujianFuzhouTaijiang DistrictYizhou Subdistrict, Puxi Village 6-1 |
| Geographic coordinates | 26°3′46.76″N 119°17′23.82″E / 26.0629889°N 119.2899500°ECoordinates: 26°3′46.76″N 119°17′23.82″E / 26.0629889°N 119.2899500°E Fatal error: The format of the coordinate could not be determined. Parsing failed. |
| Architecture | |
| Architectural type | Chinese palace-temple |
Puxi Fushou Temple (浦西境福壽宮; also Puxi Fushou Palace or Fuzhou Fushou Temple), formerly known as the Hall of the Light of the Teaching and the Buddha of Culture (明教文佛祖殿), is a religious building located in Puxi Community, Yizhou Subdistrict, Taijiang District, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, China. It is one of the few surviving structures in Fuzhou associated with Manichaeism (known locally as Mingjiao) and has been described as a "living fossil of Manichaean culture". It is currently designated an immovable cultural relic of Taijiang District.[1] The temple is also one of the thirteen halls of the Jiu'an Taishan cult.
History
The Hall of the Light of the Teaching and the Buddha of Culture was first constructed during the Song dynasty and has been repaired and relocated several times.[2] According to the Wanli-era gazetteer of Funingszhou, it was built to honour the Manichaean patriarch Lin Deng (1003–1059), who successfully prayed for rain in Min County during the Jiayou era (1056–1063) of the Northern Song.[3] Because Manichaeism was generally prohibited in Chinese history (especially during the Ming period), local adherents of the Xiao clan outwardly converted to Taoism and enshrined other Taoist and folk deities to secretly protect the statue of the Buddha of Culture.[4]
Before 1997 the temple stood on the site of the present-day Fuzhou Monosodium Glutamate Factory. In 1997 it was moved to its current location in Puxi. Because its religious affiliation was unclear at the time, in 1998 the authorities renamed it "Fushou Temple" and registered it as a Taoist temple to give it legal status.[5] In the early 2000s the religious identity of the temple remained highly controversial among scholars due to insufficient evidence.[2][6] The discovery of the Xiapu manuscripts (2008 onward) and Manichaean ritual texts in Fuqing (2017 onward) finally confirmed that Fushou Temple is indeed a Manichaean (Mingjiao) site and the best-preserved and most complete Manichaean temple still in active use.[1][7][8]
In 2021 Puxi Village was demolished for redevelopment. The temple was closed and underwent major restoration.
Influenced by neighbouring villages, Puxi worshippers also venerate Wen Yuanshuai and Kang Yuanshuai of the Jiu'an Taishan cult. Unlike other halls of the cult, Wen and Kang are ranked among the temple's Thirty-Six Heavenly Generals rather than as principal deities. If Puxi is chosen as the new host hall in the divination ritual, Wen and Kang are not placed in the main hall but in a temporary shrine built outside the temple.[9]
The temple has a branch hall in Shisha Natural Village, Shangjie Town, Minhou County, established over 200 years ago by local believers who carried fire from the ancestral hall. The two principal deities are identical to those in the main temple.[10][11]
Architecture
Before 1997 the temple faced west (in accordance with Manichaean veneration of the west), covered 3.5 mu, and included a main hall, side halls, a stage, viewing galleries, kitchen, and garden.[7]
The current site covers over 900 m2 and faces south. The main building occupies 742.6 m2, with a depth of 22.6 m, width of 14.7 m, and height of 10 m.[7]
Deities
The temple enshrines deities from Manichaeism, Taoism, Buddhism, and local folk religion, making it the only fully equipped and continuously active Manichaean temple in existence.[2]
Principal deities
The principal deities are the Buddha of Culture of the Light of the Teaching (representing Mani, 216–270s CE) and the True Lord Master of Salvation (representing the Xiapu Manichaean leader Lin Deng, 1003–1059).[2]
Subsidiary deities in the main hall
On the north wall (behind the principal deities) are Zhang Shengzhenjun (to the west) and Xuantian Shangdi (to the east), both Taoist figures.[2]
Side halls
The temple has four side halls: Lady of Linshui Hall (left), Guanyin Pavilion, Huaguang Hall, and Great King Hall (right), enshrining Lady of Linshui, Huaguang Dadi, and the Yellow and Zhao Great Kings respectively.[2]
See also
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References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 "台江浦西福寿宫被确认为摩尼教寺院遗址". China Network Television (in 中文). 2012-05-09. Archived from the original on 2021-10-21. Retrieved 2023-10-01. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 彭晓静, 杨富学 (2016). "福州福寿宫摩尼教神祇探原". 世界宗教研究 (03): 118–128. ISSN 1000-4289.
- ↑ 茹捷 (2010-04-29). "揭秘"霞浦摩尼教"重大发现". Min Dong Daily (in 中文).
- ↑ 李林洲 (2004). "福州摩尼教重要遗址——福州台江义洲浦西福寿宫". Fujian Religion (01): 43–44.
- ↑ Fuzhou City Gazetteer Compilation Committee (2017). Fuzhou City Gazetteer (1995–2005). Beijing: Fangzhi Publishing House. p. 826. ISBN 978-7-5034-9649-3. Search this book on
- ↑ 林悟殊 (2004). "福州浦西福寿宫"明教文佛"宗教属性辨析". Zhongshan University Journal (Social Sciences Edition) (06): 118–123. ISSN 1000-9639.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 杨富学 (2014). "林瞪及其在中国摩尼教史上的地位". 中国史研究. Beijing (01): 109–124. ISSN 1002-7963.
- ↑ Fuzhou Evening News (2017-06-19). 李林洲, ed. "福清发现摩尼教经典科仪文本文物". Fuzhou News Network. Archived from the original on 2025-11-23. Retrieved 2025-11-23. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ Gan Mantang, "Survey Report on the Thirteen Halls of Fuzhou Jiu'an Taishan (Part 1)," p. 32.
- ↑ 陈一舟, 涂元济 (2004). "福建摩尼教寺院遗址考". 海交史研究. Quanzhou (01): 75–83. ISSN 1006-8384.
- ↑ 杨富学, 李晓燕; 彭晓静 (2017). "福建摩尼教遗存踏查之主要收获". 宗教学研究. Chengdu (04): 259–271. ISSN 1006-1312.
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