Qazi Muhammad Askar
| Qazi Muhammad Askar | |
|---|---|
| Native name | قاضی محمد عسکر |
| Born | |
| 💀Died | 1892 or 1893 Jasakah, Hazarah Jirghay, in custody on the road to Kabul1892 or 1893 |
| Other names | Qazi Askar; Qazi Askar Khan |
| 💼 Occupation | |
| Known for | Religious judge and chief of the Fuladah of Hajaristan; associate of Muhammad Azim Beg in the uprising of 1892 |
| 👴 👵 Parent(s) | Ali Riza (father) |
Qazi Muhammad Askar (قاضی محمد عسکر), also Qazi Askar, was a Hazara qazi (religious judge) and chief of the Fuladah (Fuladi) of Hajaristan.[1][2] He was in correspondence with Amir Abdur Rahman Khan from 1886, and in 1889 he was one of the Hajaristan leaders whose request for troops gave the amir his occasion to prepare the conquest of the Hazarajat.[3] In 1892 he joined the Hazara uprising as a close associate of Muhammad Azim Beg.[4] Government troops took his fort that summer and used it as their base. He was arrested on orders the amir issued in December 1892 and died on the road to Kabul; his escort cut off his ears and took them to the capital.[5]
Background
Mousavi gives him as an example of a mulla who rose to political leadership among the Hazaras: the son of Ali Riza, he was at once the religious leader and the head of the Fuladi.[1][lower-alpha 1] In the Sirāj he is "Qazi Muhammad 'Askar, the son of 'Ali Riza, ra'is of the Fuladah clan".[2][lower-alpha 2]
Relations with Kabul
In November 1886 the amir sent letters of counsel to Qazi Muhammad Askar and to the elders of the Dayah and Fuladah of Hajaristan.[7] He replied jointly with two Fuladah elders, Ali Naqi and Abd Allah (known as Abul), and in April 1887 Abdur Rahman wrote back telling them to stand firm in their promises of obedience and to follow whatever Muhammad Azim Beg of the Sih Pay decided.[8] At the end of that year he was among the leaders who received, through Azim Beg, the amir's ultimatum giving the unsubmitted tribes until Nawruz 1888.[9]
He and other leaders of Hajaristan wrote to the amir again in the spring of 1889. Afraid that their own people would refuse to submit and shame them, they asked for an army with artillery to force the recalcitrant into obedience. Abdur Rahman took the letters as the signal to carry out a plan he had long had in mind, the conquest of the Hazarajat, and on 8 May 1889 he ordered the governors of the surrounding provinces to make ready.[10]
On 20 July 1891, on the eve of Sardar Abd al-Quddus Khan's campaign, letters bearing the royal tughra went out to the leaders of forty-five Hazara tribes, one of them to a Qazi Askar, leader of the Inayat tribe.[11][lower-alpha 3] In October 1891, after Abd al-Quddus Khan had entered Uruzgan, Qazi Muhammad Askar was among the leaders who came to the sardar; he was given a robe of honour and a decree and sent home.[13]
Uprising of 1892
Temirkhanov calls him the close collaborator and helper of Muhammad Azim Beg in the uprising.[4][lower-alpha 4] The fighting in Hajaristan reached his door in July 1892. A government force crossed the Khun Pass by night and broke the Hazara siege of Colonel Muhammad Allah Khan's sangar at Dayah, then camped near the fort of Qazi Askar and made it their headquarters, while most of the Hazaras fell back to Nawah-i Chaqmaq.[15] In August Generals Mir Ata Khan and Shayr Muhammad Khan, with Colonel Farhad Khan, took the fort by force and drove its defenders into the mountains.[16] The two cavalrymen who brought the amir news of the victory were rewarded with expensive robes.[17] Temirkhanov also records the capture of the fort.[18] Mir Ata Khan afterwards used it as his base against Azim Beg's sangar at Shayr Qal'ah.[19]
After Azim Beg's defeat the Fuladah submitted to General Shayr Muhammad Khan,[20] and in November they were assessed 40,000 rupees, half the fine laid on the tribes that had followed Azim Beg.[21]
Arrest and death
Early in December 1892 the Day Zangi mirs who had stayed loyal sent the amir the names of thirty-one Hazara leaders they accused of sedition. Qazi Askar was on the list, with three other men of the Fuladah of Hajaristan: Abd Allah mihtar, Mulla Ali Naqi and Mulla Najat. Abdur Rahman ordered General Shayr Muhammad Khan to arrest everyone on it who had not fled or been killed and to send them to Kabul. Qazi Askar travelled under the escort of Hajji Muhammad Alam Khan and died at the village of Jasakah in Hazarah Jirghay; his escort cut off his ears and brought them to Kabul.[22] No cause of death is given.
In February 1893 Colonel Farhad Khan arrested six men of his tribe who had been close to him and sent them to Kabul.[23] In September 1898 the amir learned that Sayyid Baba, an Uzbek cavalry officer, had married Qazi Askar's daughter without permission and, ordered to divorce her, had sent her to his home in Turkistan instead. A farman told the governor of Turkistan to send her to Kabul under guard "so that she could be placed with the other wives of Hazarah evildoers".[24]
See also
- Sardar Mohammad Azim Beg
- Battles of Uruzgan (1892–1893)
- List of Hazara leaders in the uprising of 1892–1893
Notes
- ↑ Mousavi also makes Fayz Allah, Abd Allah and Ali Naqi sons of Qazi Askar, the first two commanders of the Haydar and the third head of the "Pashtun" tribe.[1] The passage of the Sirāj he cites lists them as separate leaders: "Fayz Allah and his son 'Abd Allah, leaders of the Haydar clan" and "Mulla 'Ali Naqi, ra'is of the Pashtan clan".[2]
- ↑ The translators' index files the references to him under two headings, "Muhammad 'Askar Qazi" and "Qazi 'Askar, leader of the Fuladah Hazarahs of Hajaristan", both of which describe him as leader of the Fuladah.[6]
- ↑ The translators' index keeps this Qazi Askar of the Inayat separate from the Fuladah leader.[12]
- ↑ Riyazi, on whom Temirkhanov draws for the events of 1892, does not name Qazi Askar. He says only that the people of Ajristan accepted Azim Beg as their chief and prepared to defend themselves.[14]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Mousavi 1998, p. 93.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Kātib Hazārah 2013b, p. 693.
- ↑ Kātib Hazārah 2013a, pp. 286, 511–512.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Temirkhanov 1993, p. 201.
- ↑ Kātib Hazārah 2013b, pp. 803, 819, 906.
- ↑ Kātib Hazārah 2013d, pp. 2121, 2176.
- ↑ Kātib Hazārah 2013a, p. 286.
- ↑ Kātib Hazārah 2013a, pp. 286, 310, 324, 326.
- ↑ Kātib Hazārah 2013a, pp. 402–404.
- ↑ Kātib Hazārah 2013a, pp. 511–512.
- ↑ Kātib Hazārah 2013b, pp. 671–672.
- ↑ Kātib Hazārah 2013d, p. 2176.
- ↑ Kātib Hazārah 2013b, pp. 693–694.
- ↑ Riyazi Haravi 1990, p. 215.
- ↑ Kātib Hazārah 2013b, pp. 802–803.
- ↑ Kātib Hazārah 2013b, p. 819.
- ↑ Kātib Hazārah 2013b, p. 822.
- ↑ Temirkhanov 1993, p. 211.
- ↑ Kātib Hazārah 2013b, pp. 824, 837.
- ↑ Kātib Hazārah 2013b, p. 839.
- ↑ Kātib Hazārah 2013b, p. 886.
- ↑ Kātib Hazārah 2013b, p. 906.
- ↑ Kātib Hazārah 2013b, p. 941.
- ↑ Kātib Hazārah 2013d, p. 1707.
Sources
- Kātib Hazārah, Fayż Muḥammad (2013a). The History of Afghanistan: Fayż Muḥammad Kātib Hazārah's Sirāj al-tawārīkh. 3, part 1 (1880–1889). Translated by McChesney, R. D.; Khorrami, M. M. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-23494-1 Check
|isbn=value: checksum (help). Search this book on
- Kātib Hazārah, Fayż Muḥammad (2013b). The History of Afghanistan: Fayż Muḥammad Kātib Hazārah's Sirāj al-tawārīkh. 3, part 2 (1889–1893). Translated by McChesney, R. D.; Khorrami, M. M. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-23495-6. Search this book on
- Kātib Hazārah, Fayż Muḥammad (2013d). The History of Afghanistan: Fayż Muḥammad Kātib Hazārah's Sirāj al-tawārīkh. 3, part 4 (1896–1901). Translated by McChesney, R. D.; Khorrami, M. M. Leiden: Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-23497-0. Search this book on
- Mousavi, Sayed Askar (1998). The Hazaras of Afghanistan: An Historical, Cultural, Economic and Political Study. Richmond, Surrey: Curzon. ISBN 0-7007-0630-5. Search this book on
- Riyazi Haravi, Muhammad Yusuf (1990). Fikrat Haravi, Muhammad Asif, ed. ʿAyn al-waqāyiʿ: Tārīkh-i Afghānistān dar sālhā-yi 1207–1324 q. (in فارسی). Tehran: Mawqufat-i Duktur Mahmud Afshar Yazdi. Search this book on Page numbers are those printed in the book.
- Temirkhanov, L. (1993). Raḥīmī, ʿAzīzullāh, ed. Tārīkh-i millī-yi Hazāra [National history of the Hazaras] (in فارسی). Translated by Ṭughyān, ʿAzīz. Qom. Search this book on Page numbers follow the Qom printing of 1372 SH (1993).
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