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Quantum psychology

From EverybodyWiki Bios & Wiki

This article is about the field in psychology. For the book, see Quantum Psychology.


Quantum psychology is a field of study in contemporary psychology first named and described by author Robert Anton Wilson in his 1990 book Quantum Psychology. The term later appeared in a 1993 book by Stephen DeBerry.[1][2] It is also widely used by Amit Goswami, an American theoretical nuclear physicist and author, the founder of the centre for Quantum Activism.[3] The field of quantum psychology aims to apply the principles of quantum physics and quantum mechanics to the study of brain, mind and consciousness. Recent advances in quantum biology have given a significant boost to this field.[4][5][6] In cognitive psychology and neuroscience the investigation is centred around the study of quantum cognition, quantum brain dynamics, and quantum mind. The main purpose of this emergent research is to merge the classical neuro-physiological models of the human brain with the quantum models that can additionally account for cellular brain activity, mind and consciousness.[7] Classical scientific method known as ontological dualism and empiricism relies intrinsically on the idea that objects to be measured and observed exist independently of the observer. Quantum theory, however, implies that the observer and the observed phenomena are innately linked.[8][9][10] The presence of the observer in quantum mechanics is a necessary requirement for the micro-system to collapse into particle.[11]

Background[edit]

The emergence of quantum field theories, known as Quantum Physics and Quantum Mechanics, not only revolutionised the classical Newtonian physics, but have become its essential theory. Classical Newtonian mechanics is only able to provide accurate descriptions of various properties of objects, their position and movement at a macro-scale level. At a micro-scale level of subatomic particles Quantum Mechanics is a fundamental theory. The applications of the quantum theory are being widely utilised in modern sciences, technologies, research, medicine and economy. Quantum theory seeks to explain behaviour of matter and energy at its smallest subatomic scales.[12] It posits that at its fundamental subatomic level, matter particles exist solely in their probabilistic states and acquire material properties only after the act of observation by an independent observer.[13][7][8] The act of observation is required for probabilistic micro level systems to transit from waves into particles. Quantum physics terminology describes this phenomenon as the observer effect or collapse of the wave function.[13] In the fields of cognitive and behavioural psychology the quantum paradigm offers a complementary theoretical framework in which the individual observer and his/her phenomenological experiences represent a highly sophisticated and mutually interactive feedback system.[9][8][10] In the field of neuroscience it provides an alternative experimental model in which neuronal brain mechanisms can be studied and analysed.[11][14]

Quantum Models and the Brain[edit]

The quantum brain model subsequently termed Quantum Brain Dynamics was originally conceived by Umezawa during 1960's and was based on the work of Karl Lashley.[15][16] In his theory of mass action Lashley proposed that memory storage and retrieval is not entirely a localised process and that flexible mechanisms of distributed processing serve as a more accurate description.[16][17] Lashley noted that the idea of specialised connectivity of the nervous system cannot explain the “masses of excitation... within general fields of activity, without regard to particular nerve cells”.[18][19] The idea was further developed by Karl Pribram and led him to formulate holographic hypothesis of brain function.[20][19] Using holographic mathematics and computational modelling, Pribram based his research on the idea of similarities between global neural activity of brain cells and the wave patterns produced in holograms.[18][20][17] Modern theories investigating quantum correlates in the brain and mind could be classified into the following categories:

  • Holographic brain theories that investigate the brain and its functions by using holographic brain models: Pribram,[19][20] Takaaki[21][22]
  • Theories applying quantum mathematical probabilistic models to the study of cognition and mental processes: Khrennikov, Bruza,[23][24] Yearsley[25]
  • Theories exploring the presence of quantum correlates in the brain's activity and function: Beck,[26][27] Pessa, and Vitiello,[28][29] Hameroff and Penrose.[30][27]
  • Theories applying quantum models to the study of mind and consciousness: Hameroff,[31] and Penrose[30] Staap,[11] Eccles,[32] Goswami.,[33] Meijer[34] Tarlaci[14]

Quantum Models and Cognition[edit]

Quantum Cognition is a growing field in psychological research and focuses on applying purely mathematical principles of quantum mechanics to human perception, judgement, memory and cognition. The theory seeks to apply probabilistic models of quantum theory whilst investigating human decision making and judgement. Bruza et al. proposes two complementary approaches in computing probabilistic models of cognition: classical and quantum.[24] Bruza further asserts that the quantum probabilistic model becomes necessitated when "incompatible events are involved" during the execution of decision making.[24] This results in a state of uncertainty or superposition with subsequent violation of the laws of classical probability theory, thus quantum probability model may provide a more comprehensive framework that can account for such violations.[24] Khrennikov suggests quantum-like probabilistic model of the mind.[23] Other areas of quantum cognition research include investigating human thought and existing theories on concept combination where Aerts introduces the two-layer structure for human thought: classical logical and quantum conceptual.[35] Aerts further asserts that the way in which concepts combine and carry meaning is suggestive of quantum effects in cognition.[35]

Quantum Models of Mind and Consciousness[edit]

Unconscious processes[edit]

Principles of quantum theory including complementarity, uncertainty principle and quantum field theory are being applied in the study of unconscious processes,[36][7] decision making and free will.[37][38] The study of unconscious processes focuses on examining complementarity and uncertainty within the two states. Examples of complementarity are being observed between mind and matter or Jung's psychological types with complementary pairs of thinking and feeling and intuition and perception.[36] Complimentarity and uncertainty principle operating in thought has also been noted by David Bohm.[39][7] Bohm noticed that when we focus on the direction of thought we loose its meaning and when we focus on the meaning of the thought, we loose its direction. At any given time the two conditions are complementary, but only one can be observed by our awareness at any given time.[39] Marcel's in his Non-selective theory noted the existence of complementary principle between the way in which sensory data is selected, organised, synthesised and processes by our unconscious and conscious agency.[40] Rumelhart further developed Marcel's ideas and proposed Parallel Processing theory stating that multiple layers of information are processed simultaneously with feedback included.[41][7] The above-mentioned data may be suggestive[clarification needed] of the complementarity principle, coherent superposition and Implicate and Explicate Order theory operating in human psyche as originally proposed by Bohm.[42]

Mind and consciousness[edit]

The mind-body problem and the role of consciousness in the individual's highly subjective perceptual and experiential domains continue to be a subject of debate amongst neuroscientists and psychologists.[33] Very little is known about the mechanisms behind the emergence of conscious agency such as the individual Self .[43] Widely spread approaches and theories include neuro-physiolological models that view mind and consciousnesses as a by-product of the brain's neuronal and physiological mechanisms.[44] Global workspace theory describes consciousness as a subjective event appearing in working memory.[45][46] Theory of mind sees consciousness as closely linked to social interaction and feedback system.[47] Temporo-spatial Theory of consciousnesses uses temporal and spatial framework to link four neuronal mechanisms of the brain with the specifically defined dimensions of consciousness.[48] Alongside the conventional approaches quantum theory has been finding its way into the field of Hard problem of consciousness since early 90's. Hameroff, Penrose in the Orch-OR theory proposed that the basic carriers for consciousnesses in the brain are not neurons, but the microtubules and can account for quantum phenomena of superposition and entanglement.[30][27] Henry Stapp suggested the definite role of the conscious observer and the need for inclusion of quantum model into neuroscience and psychology.[49] John Eccles posed a question if mental events could be linked to "changing the probability of emission in many thousands of active synapses" without the violation of conservation laws.[50] Basar et al. further developed the concepts of brain's S-matrix and Brain Feynman Diagrams as well as Brain's string theory.[51]

Critique[edit]

Main critique of Quantum theory and its application in the fields of neuroscience and cognitive and behavioural psychology is generally ascribed to the physiology of the brain's bio-environment and the discrepancy in the speed of the classical versus quantum processes in the brain dynamic.[52] It has been argued by Tegmark[53] that quantum effects cannot survive in the warm, wet and noisy environment such as brain and that the collapse of the wave function is a much faster process than that of the neuronal synaptic firings.[54][53] It has been further argued by a number of scientists that the executive functions of the macroscopic brain that rely on the complex neuronal dynamics and parallel processing could only be attributed to a very powerful, but solely classical computation models.[55] This is due to the self-averaging effects of quantum fluctuations in the brain which subsequently cannot be used as a part of its complex dynamics.[55][4] Finally, the opponents and critics of quantum theory of the brain and consciousness hold a strong preference for inherently dualistic model of ontological dualism. This commonly prevailing theoretical model poses challenges for the scientific community due to the fact that the integration and application of quantum theory, especially across psychological disciplines, would call for the radical departure from ontological dualism. The wide range of sciences such as biology, chemistry, medicine, engineering, computing and economics have already began the integration process. In Neuroscience and psychology, however, the process have been slow.[4][9][1][11][14][33]

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Stephen., DeBerry (1993). Quantum psychology : steps to a postmodern ecology of being. Westport, Conn.: Praeger. ISBN 978-0275941710. OCLC 26802538. Search this book on
  2. ↑ Wilson, Robert Anton (1990). Quantum Psychology: How Brain Software Programs You and Your World. New Falcon. Search this book on
  3. ↑ "Centre for Quantum Activism". Retrieved 2018-11-12.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Jedlicka, Peter (2017). "Revisiting the Quantum Brain Hypothesis: Toward Quantum (Neuro)biology?". Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience. 10: 366. doi:10.3389/fnmol.2017.00366. ISSN 1662-5099. PMC 5681944. PMID 29163041.
  5. ↑ Lambert, Neill; Chen, Yueh-Nan; Cheng, Yuan-Chung; Li, Che-Ming; Chen, Guang-Yin; Nori, Franco (2012-12-09). "Quantum biology". Nature Physics. 9 (1): 10–18. doi:10.1038/nphys2474. ISSN 1745-2473.
  6. ↑ Ball, Philip (2011-06-15). "Physics of life: The dawn of quantum biology". Nature. 474 (7351): 272–274. Bibcode:2011Natur.474..272B. doi:10.1038/474272a. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 21677723.
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Amit., Goswami (1993). The self-aware universe : how consciousness creates the material world. Reed, Richard E., Goswami, Maggie. New York: Putnam's Sons. ISBN 978-0874776690. OCLC 26546757. Search this book on
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 1917-1992., Bohm, David (1993). The undivided universe : an ontological interpretation of quantum theory. Hiley, B. J. (Basil J.). London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0415065887. OCLC 24009979. Search this book on
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 1953-1992., Talbot, Michael, (2011, ©1991). The holographic universe : the revolutionary theory of reality. McTaggart, Lynne. New York, N.Y.: HarperPerennial. ISBN 0062014102 Search this book on .. OCLC 674694623
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 I., Radin, Dean (2006). Entangled minds : extrasensory experiences in a quantum reality. New York: Paraview Pocket Books. ISBN 978-1416516774. OCLC 62738722. Search this book on
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 11.3 Schwartz, Jeffrey M.; Stapp, Henry P.; Beauregard, Mario (2005-06-29). "Quantum physics in neuroscience and psychology: a neurophysical model of mind–brain interaction". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 360 (1458): 1309–1327. doi:10.1098/rstb.2004.1598. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 1569494. PMID 16147524.
  12. ↑ Ball, Philip. "Quantum Physics May Be Even Spookier Than You Think". Scientific American. Retrieved 2018-11-12.
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 J Long, William. "Quantum theory and neuroplasticity: Implications for social theory". psycnet.apa.org. Retrieved 2018-11-10.
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 14.2 Tarlacı, Sultan; Pregnolato, Massimo (2016-05). "Quantum neurophysics: From non-living matter to quantum neurobiology and psychopathology". International Journal of Psychophysiology. 103: 161–173. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.02.016. ISSN 0167-8760
  15. ↑ Ricciardi and Umezawa (November 1967). "Brain and physics of many-body problems". Kybernetik. 4 (2): 44–48. doi:10.1007/BF00292170.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Lashley, K. S., 1942. The problem of cerebral organization in vision, in Biological Symposia, VII, Visual mechanisms p.301–322. Jacques Cattell Press, Lancaster
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 Walter J Freeman and Giuseppe Vitiello 2008 J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 41 304042 doi.org/10.1088/1751-8113/41/30/304042
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 Pribram, Karl (1991). Brain and Perception: Holonomy and Structure in Figural Processing (Distinguished Lecture Series). pp. 25–26. ISBN 978-0898599954. Search this book on
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 1919-2015., Pribram, Karl H. (1991). Brain and perception : holonomy and structure in figural processing. Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. ISBN 978-0898599954. OCLC 20933058. Search this book on
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Pribram, K. H., Nuwer, M., & Baron, R. (1974). The holographic hypothesis of memory structure in brain function and perception. Contemporary developments in mathematical psychology, 2, 416-457.
  21. ↑ Musha, Takaaki (2012-08-17). "Holographic View of the Brain Memory Mechanism Based on Evanescent Superluminal Photons". Information. 3 (3): 344–350. doi:10.3390/info3030344. ISSN 2078-2489.
  22. ↑ Westlake, Philip R. (1970). "The possibilities of neural holographic processes within the brain". Kybernetik. 7 (4): 129–153. doi:10.1007/bf00571694. ISSN 0340-1200.
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 Khrennikov, Andrei (2004). "On Quantum-Like Probabilistic Structure of Mental Information". Open Systems & Information Dynamics (OSID). 11 (3): 267–275. doi:10.1023/b:opsy.0000047570.68941.9d. ISSN 1230-1612.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 Bruza, Peter D.; Wang, Zheng; Busemeyer, Jerome R. (2015-07). "Quantum cognition: a new theoretical approach to psychology". Trends in Cognitive Sciences. 19 (7): 383–393. doi:10.1016/j.tics.2015.05.001. ISSN 1364-6613
  25. ↑ Yearsley, James M.; Pothos, Emmanuel M. (2016-04-13). "Zeno's paradox in decision-making". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 283 (1828): 20160291. doi:10.1098/rspb.2016.0291. ISSN 0962-8452. PMC 4843661. PMID 27053743.
  26. ↑ Beck, Friedrich (2008-06-05). "Synaptic Quantum Tunnelling in Brain Activity". NeuroQuantology. 6 (2). doi:10.14704/nq.2008.6.2.168. ISSN 1303-5150.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 Tarlacı, Sultan; Pregnolato, Massimo (2016). "Quantum neurophysics: From non-living matter to quantum neurobiology and psychopathology". International Journal of Psychophysiology. 103: 161–173. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.02.016. ISSN 0167-8760. PMID 25668717.
  28. ↑ Eliano Pessa, Giuseppe Vitiello, Quantum noise, entanglement and chaos in the quantum field theory of mind/brain states, 2003
  29. ↑ arlacı, Sultan; Pregnolato, Massimo (2016-05). "Quantum neurophysics: From non-living matter to quantum neurobiology and psychopathology". International Journal of Psychophysiology. 103: 161–173. doi:10.1016/j.ijpsycho.2015.02.016. ISSN 0167-8760
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Stuart Hameroff & Roger Penrose, In: Toward a Science of Consciousness - The First Tucson Discussions and Debates, eds. Hameroff, S.R., Kaszniak, A.W. and Scott, A.C., Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 507-540 (1996)
  31. ↑ Hameroff, Stuart MD (2012). "How quantum brain biology can rescue conscious free will". Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience. 6: 93. doi:10.3389/fnint.2012.00093. ISSN 1662-5145. PMC 3470100. PMID 23091452.
  32. ↑ Eccles, John C. (1994), "Do Mental Events Cause Neural Events Analogously to the Probability Fields of Quantum Mechanics?", How the SELF Controls its BRAIN, Springer Berlin Heidelberg, pp. 71–86, doi:10.1007/978-3-642-49224-2_5, ISBN 9783642492266
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 Goswami, A. (1990). Consciousness in Quantum Physics and The Mind-Body Problem. The Journal of Mind and Behavior, 11(1), 75-96. Retrieved from http://www.jstor.org/stable/43853487
  34. ↑ Meijer, Dirk K. F.; Geesink, Hans J. H. (2017-07-26). "Consciousness in the Universe is Scale Invariant and Implies an Event Horizon of the Human Brain". NeuroQuantology. 15 (3). doi:10.14704/nq.2017.15.3.1079. ISSN 1303-5150.
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Aerts, Diederik (2009-10). "Quantum structure in cognition". Journal of Mathematical Psychology. 53(5): 314–348. doi:10.1016/j.jmp.2009.04.005. ISSN 0022-2496.
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Atmanspacher, H., Römer, H. & Walach, H. Foundations of Physics (2002) 32: 379. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1014809312397
  37. ↑ The volitional brain : towards a neuroscience of free will. Libet, Benjamin, 1916-2007., Freeman, Anthony, 1946-, Sutherland, Keith, 1951-. Thorverton: Imprint Academic. 1999. ISBN 978-0907845508. OCLC 42744854. Search this book on
  38. ↑ Soon, Chun Siong; Brass, Marcel; Heinze, Hans-Jochen; Haynes, John-Dylan (2008-04-13). "Unconscious determinants of free decisions in the human brain". Nature Neuroscience. 11 (5): 543–545. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.520.2204. doi:10.1038/nn.2112. ISSN 1097-6256. PMID 18408715.
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 1917-1992., Bohm, David (2002). Wholeness and the implicate order. London: Routledge. ISBN 978-0415289788. OCLC 50417439. Search this book on
  40. ↑ Marcel, Anthony J. (1983-04). "Conscious and unconscious perception: An approach to the relations between phenomenal experience and perceptual processes". Cognitive Psychology. 15 (2): 238–300. doi:10.1016/0010-0285(83)90010-5. ISSN 0010-0285
  41. ↑ Rumelhart, D.E., and Mcclelland, J.L. Parallel distributed processing: explorations in the microstructure of cognition. Volume 1. Foundations. United States: N. p., 1986. Web.
  42. ↑ Bohm, David (1973-06). "Quantum theory as an indication of a new order in physics. B. Implicate and explicate order in physical law". Foundations of Physics. 3 (2): 139–168. doi:10.1007/bf00708436. ISSN 0015-9018.
  43. ↑ R., Damasio, Antonio (2012). Self comes to mind : constructing the conscious brain (1st Vintage ed.). New York: Vintage Books. ISBN 9780307474957. OCLC 785405127. Search this book on
  44. ↑ 1916-2004., Crick, Francis (1994). The astonishing hypothesis : the scientific search for the soul. London: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-0671711580. OCLC 30847554. Search this book on
  45. ↑ "Global workspace theory", Wikipedia, 2018-10-16, retrieved 2018-11-19
  46. ↑ Baars, Bernard J. (2005), "Global workspace theory of consciousness: Toward a cognitive neuroscience of human experience", The Boundaries of Consciousness: Neurobiology and Neuropathology, Progress in Brain Research, 150, Elsevier, pp. 45–53, doi:10.1016/s0079-6123(05)50004-9, ISBN 9780444518514, PMID 16186014
  47. ↑ "Theory of mind", Wikipedia, 2018-11-17, retrieved 2018-11-19
  48. ↑ Northoff, Georg; Huang, Zirui (2017). "How do the brain's time and space mediate consciousness and its different dimensions? Temporo-spatial theory of consciousness (TTC)". Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews. 80: 630–645. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.07.013. ISSN 0149-7634. PMID 28760626.
  49. ↑ Schwartz, Jeffrey M.; Stapp, Henry P.; Beauregard, Mario (2005-06-29). "Quantum physics in neuroscience and psychology: a neurophysical model of mind–brain interaction". Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 360 (1458): 1309–1327. doi:10.1098/rstb.2004.1598. ISSN 0962-8436. PMC 1569494. PMID 16147524.
  50. ↑ Eccles, John Carew (1986-05-22). "Do mental events cause neural events analogously to the probability fields of quantum mechanics?". Proc. R. Soc. Lond. B. 227 (1249): 411–428. Bibcode:1986RSPSB.227..411E. doi:10.1098/rspb.1986.0031. ISSN 0080-4649. PMID 2873576.
  51. ↑ Başar E. EEG–Brain Dynamics: Relation between EEG and Brain Evoked Potentials. Elsevier, Amsterdam 1980.
  52. ↑ Abninder, Litta (2006). "Is the Brain a Quantum Computer?" (PDF). Cognitive Science. 30 (3): 593–603. doi:10.1207/s15516709cog0000_59. PMID 21702826.
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 Tegmark, Max (2000-04-01). "Importance of quantum decoherence in brain processes". Physical Review E. 61 (4): 4194–4206. arXiv:quant-ph/9907009. Bibcode:2000PhRvE..61.4194T. doi:10.1103/PhysRevE.61.4194.
  54. ↑ Sbitnev, Valeriy I. (2016-10-20). "Quantum consciousness in warm, wet and noisy brain". Modern Physics Letters B. 30 (28): 1650329–15. arXiv:1606.00258. Bibcode:2016MPLB...3050329S. doi:10.1142/s0217984916503292. ISSN 0217-9849.
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 Koch, Christof; Hepp, Klaus (2006). "Quantum mechanics in the brain". Nature. 440 (7084): 611. Bibcode:2006Natur.440..611K. doi:10.1038/440611a. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 16572152.


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