Radio Frequency fat Removal
Radio frequency fat removal[edit]
Radio frequency fat removal (RF) is a technique in non-invasive aesthetic medicine that uses RF energy to selectively heat adipose tissue..[1][2][3][4]. By inducing focused heating of the fat layer, this therapy increases apoptosis[5][6] of fat cells while keeping the skin cooler, which leads to fat layer reduction in the treated area[7][8][9]. This heating minimizes the risk of damaging skin and muscles because of the difference in impedence between fat cells and skin. Skin has low impedence, while fat tissue has high impedence, and the RF devices are manufactured to focus on tissues with high impedence.[6] Therefore, this technique does not deliver high energy to the epidermis, dermis, and muscle layer[10]. Most common body parts treated with RF for fat removal are abdomen, love handles, arms and thighs[11]
Another technology for non-invasive fat removal are High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound[12][13][14][15], Cryolipolysis[16][17][18][19][20], and Low-Level Laser Therapy[21].[22] Together with RF these technology serve as alternative to invasive fat removal methods as liposuction. These nonsurgical fat removal procedures growing on popularity, in 2016 were performed 169 695 of noninvasive fat reduction treatments in USA (including devices: CoolSculpting, Vaser Shape, Liposonix)[23]
Mechanism of action[edit]
The medical use of RF is based on an oscillating electrical current that forces collisions between charged molecules and ions, which are then transformed into heat. A dielectric, such as fat, is an insulator with the ability of inner polarization. Adipose tissue contains electrical dipoles. The direction of dipoles is chaotic and polarization arranges dipoles in one direction. Dielectric polarization requires that every electrical dipole is rotated against the polarization of the electrical field. With a rapidly alternating electromagnetic field, all electrical dipoles oscillate.This oscillating movement of dipoles leads to heating up of dipoles of fatty tissue, a principle mechanism of action of high frequency on fat.[24]
Methods of RF Delivery[edit]
RF can be delivered using the monopolar, bipolar, and unipolar devices.
Monopolar[edit]
Initial use of RF for medicine included the pinpoint coagulation of blood vessels during surgery. This was the first use of monopolar RF, requiring the patient to have a grounding plate in contact with the skin. RF-induced heat ablation has been applied to other fields of dermatology, including soft-tissue (basal cell carcinoma) ablation, endovenous ablation of the saphenous system varicosities, and the treatment of vascular abnormalities.[24][25]
Bipolar[edit]
When using the bipolar method of RF delivery, the RF travels to and from the positive and negative poles, which are usually built into the handpiece. With a specific distance between the electrodes, the depth of penetration and heating is predetermined by the spacing of the electrodes and typically confined to within 1-4 mm of the skin surface[3]. It is commonly stated that the depth of penetration is half the distance between the electrodes.[26][24]
Unipolar[edit]
Another form of delivery is unipolar, in which there is one electrode, no grounding pad, and a large field of RF emitted in an omnidirectional field around a single electrode. This is analogous to a radio tower broadcasting signals in all directions. Some devices new to the market are now labeled to be tripolar or multipolar but are variations of the 3 basic delivery methods (ie, monopolar, bipolar, and unipolar).[24][27]
References[edit]
- ↑ Key, Douglas J. (July 2014). "Preliminary demonstration using localized skin temperature elevation as observed with thermal imaging as an indicator of fat-specific absorption during focused-field radiofrequency therapy". Journal of drugs in dermatology: JDD. 13 (7): 864–866. ISSN 1545-9616. PMID 25007372.
- ↑ Fajkošová, Kateřina; Machovcová, Alena; Onder, Meltem; Fritz, Klaus (March 2014). "Selective radiofrequency therapy as a non-invasive approach for contactless body contouring and circumferential reduction". Journal of drugs in dermatology: JDD. 13 (3): 291–296. ISSN 1545-9616. PMID 24595574.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Brightman, Lori; Weiss, Elliot; Chapas, Anne M.; Karen, Julie; Hale, Elizabeth; Bernstein, Leonard; Geronemus, Roy G. (December 2009). "Improvement in arm and post-partum abdominal and flank subcutaneous fat deposits and skin laxity using a bipolar radiofrequency, infrared, vacuum and mechanical massage device". Lasers in Surgery and Medicine (in français). 41 (10): 791–798. doi:10.1002/lsm.20872. ISSN 0196-8092.
- ↑ Franco, Walfre; Kothare, Amogh; Ronan, Stephen J.; Grekin, Roy C.; McCalmont, Timothy H. (2010-06-25). "Hyperthermic injury to adipocyte cells by selective heating of subcutaneous fat with a novel radiofrequency device: Feasibility studies". Lasers in Surgery and Medicine. 42 (5): 361–370. doi:10.1002/lsm.20925. ISSN 0196-8092.
- ↑ McDaniel, David; Lozanova, Paula (June 2015). "Human Adipocyte Apoptosis Immediately Following High Frequency Focused Field Radio Frequency: Case Study". Journal of drugs in dermatology: JDD. 14 (6): 622–623. ISSN 1545-9616. PMID 26091389.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Suh, Dong Hye; Kim, Chang Min; Lee, Sang Jun; Kim, Hyunjoo; Yeom, Suk Keu; Ryu, Hwa Jung (April 2017). "Safety and efficacy of a non-contact radiofrequency device for body contouring in Asians". Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy: Official Publication of the European Society for Laser Dermatology. 19 (2): 89–92. doi:10.1080/14764172.2016.1256486. ISSN 1476-4180. PMID 27834494.
- ↑ Downie, Jeanine; Kaspar, Miroslav (April 2016). "Contactless Abdominal Fat Reduction With Selective RF™ Evaluated by Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI): Case Study". Journal of drugs in dermatology: JDD. 15 (4): 491–495. ISSN 1545-9616. PMID 27050705.
- ↑ Atiyeh, Bishara S.; Dibo, Saad A. (May 2009). "Nonsurgical nonablative treatment of aging skin: radiofrequency technologies between aggressive marketing and evidence-based efficacy". Aesthetic Plastic Surgery. 33 (3): 283–294. doi:10.1007/s00266-009-9361-9. ISSN 1432-5241. PMID 19437070.
- ↑ Kaplan, Haim; Gat, Andrea (January 2009). "Clinical and histopathological results following TriPollar™ radiofrequency skin treatments". Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy. 11 (2): 78–84. doi:10.1080/14764170902846227. ISSN 1476-4172. PMID 19408182.
- ↑ Weiss, Robert; Weiss, Margaret; Beasley, Karen; Vrba, Jan; Bernardy, Jan (April 2013). "Operator independent focused high frequency ISM band for fat reduction: porcine model". Lasers in Surgery and Medicine. 45 (4): 235–239. doi:10.1002/lsm.22134. ISSN 1096-9101. PMC 3664404. PMID 23619902.
- ↑ McDaniel, David; Samková, Petra (December 2015). "Evaluation of the Safety and Efficacy of a Non-contact Radiofrequency Device for the Improvement in Contour and Circumferential Reduction of the Inner and Outer Thigh". Journal of drugs in dermatology: JDD. 14 (12): 1422–1424. ISSN 1545-9616. PMID 26659935.
- ↑ "Ultrasound Fat Reduction, Nonsurgical Fat Reduction - Aesthetic Medical Service". www.aestheticmedicalnetwork.com. Retrieved 2018-06-15.
- ↑ "Painless fat reduction with ultrasound | UltraShape". www.ultrashape.com. Retrieved 2018-06-15.
- ↑ Moreno-Moraga, J.; Valero-Altés, T.; Riquelme, A. Martínez; Isarria-Marcosy, M.I.; de la Torre, J. Royo (2007). "Body contouring by non-invasive transdermal focused ultrasound". Lasers in Surgery and Medicine. 39 (4): 315–323. doi:10.1002/lsm.20478. ISSN 0196-8092.
- ↑ "homepage | Syneron Candela". syneron-candela.com. Retrieved 2018-06-15.
- ↑ Ingargiola, Michael J.; Motakef, Saba; Chung, Michael T.; Vasconez, Henry C.; Sasaki, Gordon H. (June 2015). "Cryolipolysis for Fat Reduction and Body Contouring". Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery. 135 (6): 1581–1590. doi:10.1097/prs.0000000000001236. ISSN 0032-1052. PMC 4444424. PMID 26017594.
- ↑ "How Does CoolSculpting Work? | CoolSculpting®". www.coolsculpting.com. Retrieved 2018-06-15.
- ↑ Avram, Mathew M.; Harry, Rosemary S. (December 2009). "Cryolipolysis⢠for subcutaneous fat layer reduction". Lasers in Surgery and Medicine. 41 (10): 703–708. doi:10.1002/lsm.20864. ISSN 0196-8092. C1 control character in
|title=at position 15 (help) - ↑ Klein, Kenneth B.; Zelickson, Brian; Riopelle, Jeffrey G.; Okamoto, Eric; Bachelor, Eric P.; Harry, Rosemary S.; Preciado, Jessica A. (December 2009). "Non-invasive cryolipolysis⢠for subcutaneous fat reduction does not affect serum lipid levels or liver function tests". Lasers in Surgery and Medicine. 41 (10): 785–790. doi:10.1002/lsm.20850. ISSN 0196-8092. C1 control character in
|title=at position 28 (help) - ↑ Manstein, Dieter; Laubach, Hans; Watanabe, Kanna; Farinelli, William; Zurakowski, David; Anderson, R. Rox (November 2008). "Selective cryolysis: A novel method of non-invasive fat removal". Lasers in Surgery and Medicine. 40 (9): 595–604. doi:10.1002/lsm.20719. ISSN 0196-8092. PMID 18951424.
- ↑ Caruso-Davis, Mary K.; Guillot, Thomas S.; Podichetty, Vinod K.; Mashtalir, Nazar; Dhurandhar, Nikhil V.; Dubuisson, Olga; Yu, Ying; Greenway, Frank L. (2010-04-15). "Efficacy of Low-Level Laser Therapy for Body Contouring and Spot Fat Reduction". Obesity Surgery. 21 (6): 722–729. doi:10.1007/s11695-010-0126-y. ISSN 0960-8923. PMC 5225499. PMID 20393809.
- ↑ Mulholland, R. Stephen; Paul, Malcolm D.; Chalfoun, Charbel (July 2011). "Noninvasive Body Contouring with Radiofrequency, Ultrasound, Cryolipolysis, and Low-Level Laser Therapy". Clinics in Plastic Surgery. 38 (3): 503–520. doi:10.1016/j.cps.2011.05.002. ISSN 0094-1298.
- ↑ "Cosmetic Surgery National Data Bank Statistics". Aesthetic Surgery Journal. 36 (suppl 1): 1–29. 2016-04-11. doi:10.1093/asj/36.supplement_1.1. ISSN 1090-820X. PMC 4954552. PMID 27069249.
- ↑ 24.0 24.1 24.2 24.3 Weiss, Robert A. (March 2013). "Noninvasive radio frequency for skin tightening and body contouring". Seminars in Cutaneous Medicine and Surgery. 32 (1): 9–17. ISSN 1085-5629. PMID 24049924.
- ↑ Abraham, Manoj T.; Mashkevich, Grigoriy (May 2007). "Monopolar radiofrequency skin tightening". Facial Plastic Surgery Clinics of North America. 15 (2): 169–177, v. doi:10.1016/j.fsc.2007.01.005. ISSN 1064-7406. PMID 17544932.
- ↑ Montesi, Gianni; Calvieri, Stefano; Balzani, Alberto; Gold, Michael H. (September 2007). "Bipolar radiofrequency in the treatment of dermatologic imperfections: clinicopathological and immunohistochemical aspects". Journal of drugs in dermatology: JDD. 6 (9): 890–896. ISSN 1545-9616. PMID 17941360.
- ↑ Alexiades-Armenakas, Macrene; Dover, Jeffrey S.; Arndt, Kenneth A. (September 2008). "Unipolar radiofrequency treatment to improve the appearance of cellulite". Journal of Cosmetic and Laser Therapy: Official Publication of the European Society for Laser Dermatology. 10 (3): 148–153. doi:10.1080/14764170802279651. ISSN 1476-4180. PMID 18788033.
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