Rebellion in Mingrelia
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| Rebellion in Mingrelia 1856-1857 | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Part of Russian annexation of Georgia | |||||
.svg) The flag of Principality of Mingrelia | |||||
| |||||
| Belligerents | |||||
 Principality of Mingrelia |
 Russian Empire | ||||
| Commanders and leaders | |||||
|
Utu Todua |
Ekaterine Chavchavadze | ||||
| Strength | |||||
| 4000 | Much more than rebels | ||||
| Casualties and losses | |||||
| The Russian army almost destroyed Mingrelian farm and villages, and 41 rebels were deported to distant provinces of Russia. | ? | ||||
The Rebellion in Mingrelia was a rebellion directed against serfdom in Samegrelo principality.
Background[edit]
From the 30s of the 19th century, a particularly difficult situation was created in the principality of Samegrelo: the obvious robbery, arbitrariness and violence of the serf peasants by the princes, nobility and clergy were accompanied by the severe consequences of the Crimean War. All the weight of the war fell on the peasants (the expenses for the war were taken from the peasants). They could not pay their taxes and the debt was increasing. The peasants, who survived the physical destruction and were dispersed by the Ottomans, went into the forest, worked the pastures secretly, and often settled in the forest itself. At the same time, the production in the principality decreased extremely, the economy flourished, trade was disrupted, and the currency rate fell. The nobility tried to compensate for the losses caused by the war by the intensified exploitation of the peasants. July 1856 Finally, the Queen of Samegrelo, Ekaterine Dadiani, went to St. Petersburg to attend the consecration ceremony of Emperor Alexander II. The administration of the principality, with special instructions, was handed over to Grigol Dadian, the queen's courtier. He ordered Chikovani, the housekeeper, to organize the Samoura estates, confiscated the lands they had seized from the peasants and built them up.
Rebellion[edit]
The excitement began in the village of Salkhino (today Martvili municipality ), where the peasants, harassed by Chikovani, decided to stop working on the construction of the palace of the Dadians of Salkhino. The excitement was spearheaded by the secret deliberative body " Skhunu " (Georgian: executive body, council). At the end of 1856, more than 1000 peasants from 7 neighboring villages gathered in Salkhino. After taking the oath in the Tsachkhuri church wall, under the command of Utu Todua, they went to Kitsi (a village in the Martvil municipality ) and camped nearby, at that time Salipartiano thousand households of 16 villages joined the rebels. The rebel army grew to 4 thousand people. Salipartiano became the first camp of the rebellion, the second center of the rebellion was Jvari (today a town in Tsalenjikha municipality ). Blacksmith Utu Mikava led the battle in Jvari, who went with his squad to the village of Sachino (today a village in the municipality of Tsalenjikha ). Here they were joined by a new detachment of rebels. From here, the rebels invaded Tsalenjikha. Satchilaosa (today the village of First May in Abashi municipality ) and SujuniKocha Todua was the leader of Mazreb rebels. This was the third center of the rebellion. The fourth center was formed by the peasant detachment operating in Zugdidi Mazra, which was commanded by the peasant Kezua.
Rebel Ofnevise[edit]
In the spring of 1857, these centers of rebels were united and Utu Mikava was elected as the general leader. The rebels established a provisional government. At the end of April, Ekaterine Dadian returned from St. Petersburg. He tried to negotiate with the rebels, but to no avail. After several successful operations, on May 12, the rebels occupied Zugdidi. On May 13, the queen tried again to pacify the rebels, but the negotiations ended in hand-to-hand combat. The queen decided to ask the Russian authorities for help. The Russian government accepted the offer with great joy, and in order to use this event to its advantage, it promised to help Catherine. Soon the governor of Kutaisi Kolyubakin with military forceHe entered Samegrelo. on May 20He met the rebels. At this meeting, Governor Utu Mikava informed the plight of the peasants and the real reasons for the uprising and formulated a demand consisting of 8 articles: to prohibit arbitrary tax increases, to establish a law-based service, to eliminate the methods of suffering and torture, and others. Kolyubakin promised to help the peasants in case of their dissolution. The peasants dispersed, but did not lay down their weapons, the unrest continued. After the arrival of the auxiliary force from Kutaisi, the government required the peasants to fulfill their sabbaton obligations, and at the same time, they returned to the masters the maids-servants seized by the rebels. In May, the government instituted mounted patrols, somewhat restoring police power. In June, Jvar-Salipartiano district again became the center of rebellion. Excitement intensified in Satchilao, Khobi, Sujuna, Teklati and other areas. The government decided to take strict measures, in August - September, bloody battles took place near Kvaloni (today the village of Zemo Kvaloni in Khobi municipality ), Jvar, Teklati (today a village in Senaki municipality ), Martvili monastery , Nakhunu (today Nakhunavo, a village in Martvili municipality ), Zumi (today the village of Chkh Orotsku in the municipality).
Russian intervention[edit]
In October–November, Russian troops took decisive measures to supperss the uprising. The soldiers destroyed the farm, dispersed the population. they put an execution in the families. The government exiled 41 rebels to remote provinces of Russia for e period of 3 to 10 years.
References[edit]
- Narsia G. , Georgian Soviet Encyclopedia, vol. 8, ch. , 1984. — p. 711-712.
- Kolkhideli m. , Peasants' uprising in Samegrelo in 1857 and People's Tribune Utu Mikava, tf. , 1926
- Lemonjava d. , Peasants' uprising in Samegrelo 1856–1857, Tb., 1957
- Essays on the history of Georgia, Vol., 5, vol 1970
- Kolybakin N, P. , По случаю Крестинского вопроса в Имеретии, Гурий и Мингрелии. ""чтение в общество истории и древносте российских"". 1865, volume. 1
- 1856–1857, tb. , 1957
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