Renewable Water
Renewable water refers to the replenishment of all freshwater resources in Nature (including lakes, rivers, streams, and underground aquifers) by the Water Cycle, unless they are overexploited:[1] the Water Cycle has renewed fresh water on the planet in this way for billions of years, but human interventions like dam construction, agriculture, increasing urbanization, and the draining of wetland areas have significantly altered this cycle, placing increasing pressure on freshwater bodies and conduits and leading to the degradation of freshwater resources around the world.[2]
The term renewable water has further been coined by the United Nations as a definition both for all surface water and groundwater resources that are renewed on a yearly basis,[3] and as an indicator of any particular nation's freshwater resources that are naturally replenished by precipitation and inflow from neighbouring countries.[4] When calculating national water resources, renewable water resources are enumerated based on the Water Cycle and may be represented by both surface water and groundwater, while non-renewable water is qualified as deep aquifers that are only restocked on geological time scales.[5]
Renewable water has also been discussed in definitions of the concept of peak water, which emphasises increasing constraints on freshwater resources; despite the presence of vast amounts of fresh water on Earth, the amount of usable water continues to decrease.[6]
Renewable water in the context of water resource management
Anthropogenic impacts on the Water Cycle have a number of implications for water resource management.[2] Factors including growing populations, urbanization and the concentration of populations in urban environments, sewage overflows,[7] inflow of nutrients from agricultural and livestock farming runoff, industrial pollutants, and accelerated climate change combine to increase the transfer of nutrients from land to water systems.[8] These factors place added pressure on the natural Water Cycle, overwhelming the natural processes by which water is renewed.[9]
The exponential growth of global water use has been linked to rising populations and increased economic development since the onset of the industrial era, while human interventions increasingly distort the natural functioning of the Water Cycle.[10][11][12] The construction of engineering works such as water storage areas (dams and reservoirs), extensive canal systems, and water pipelines for transporting water from one watershed to another, as well as the diversion of water for irrigation, affects the natural flow of water through the Water Cycle and has significant implications for water resource management.[2][12]
Water resource management has traditionally been based on centralised distribution networks[13] functioning predominantly within a linear Logistics Supply Chain model,[14][15] where used water is treated in wastewater treatment plants that remove nutrients and contaminants from the water, before being discharged back into natural water systems. Water is discharged from treatment facilities containing residual nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus within permissible regulatory levels set by national and regional regulatory authorities around the world.[16]
Integrated water resources management (IWRM) has been put forward by a variety of experts as an alternative method of managing freshwater resources to enable more holistic and sustainable water resource management relating to a range of sectors, including the provision of drinking water, agricultural irrigation, and land-use.[17][18][19][20][21] The actual definition of IWRM may also vary, depending on the angle from which the subject is being approached.[22] Under IWRM, natural water bodies like lakes, streams, and rivers, as well as manmade bulk water storage bodies like dams and reservoirs, are positioned as ecological infrastructure.[23][24][25] The accumulation of nutrients within this ecological infrastructure can create ecosystem imbalances[26] that fuel eutrophication[27][28] and lead to harmful algae blooms (HABs) of toxin-producing cyanobacteria.[29][30]
The attempt to renew water taken within an Integrated Water Resources Management approach has focused on the development of alternative approaches to water supply, distribution, reuse, and recycling.[31] Contemporary IWRM advocates, practitioners, and researchers propose a focus on good governance,[32] as well as improved management of ecological infrastructure[33] and its integration with existing built infrastructure through the re-establishment, protection, restoration, and/or support of the natural functions of the Water Cycle,[34] model various water resource management scenarios in an attempt to provide forecasts for the future of water management and inform best-practise,[35][36][37] and investigate ways to incorporate new advances in information-communication technology[38] and biotechnology and bioremediation[39].
It has been recommended that infrastructure investment and change should therefore be a gradual process, because making wholesale changes to existing infrastructure is neither economically nor environmentally sustainable.[40] This may lead to a hybridized model, where existing centralized water treatment and distribution infrastructure is mixed with decentralized systems like rainwater tanks, storm water harvesting, and localized wastewater treatment and reuse,[41] as well as emerging technologies and Nature-based solutions.
Renewable water falls within the scope of initiatives focusing on balancing escalating water demands with environmental considerations, including the Hong Kong government's Total Water Management Strategy and water reform and IWRM approaches adopted by the South African government since the 1990s.[42]
See also
Integrated water resources management
References
- ↑ "water resources — European Environment Agency". www.eea.europa.eu. Retrieved 2021-10-25.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Pagano, Thomas; Sorooshian, Soroosh (2002). "Hydrologic Cycle". In MacCracken, Michael C; Perry, John S. The Earth system: physical and chemical dimensions of global environmental change. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. pp. 450–464. ISBN 0-471-97796-9. Search this book on
- ↑ "Millennium Development Goals Indicators". Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ "United Nations Economic Commission for Europe" (PDF). Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ Vallee, D; Margat, J; Eliasson, A; Hoogeveen, J (2003). "Review of world water resources by country". Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations. 23.
- ↑ Gleick, P. H.; Palaniappan, M. (2010-06-22). "Peak water limits to freshwater withdrawal and use". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. 107 (25): 11155–11162. doi:10.1073/pnas.1004812107. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 2895062. PMID 20498082.
- ↑ Pilotti, Marco; Barone, Laura; Balistrocchi, Matteo; Valerio, Giulia; Milanesi, Luca; Nizzoli, Daniele (2021-02-15). "Nutrient delivery efficiency of a combined sewer along a lake challenged by incipient eutrophication". Water Research. 190: 116727. doi:10.1016/j.watres.2020.116727. ISSN 0043-1354. PMID 33333436 Check
|pmid=value (help). Unknown parameter|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Bogardi, Janos J; Dudgeon, David; Lawford, Richard; Flinkerbusch, Eva; Meyn, Andrea; Pahl-Wostl, Claudia; Vielhauer, Konrad; Vörösmarty, Charles (2012-02-01). "Water security for a planet under pressure: interconnected challenges of a changing world call for sustainable solutions". Current Opinion in Environmental Sustainability. Open issue. 4 (1): 35–43. doi:10.1016/j.cosust.2011.12.002. ISSN 1877-3435.
- ↑ Sabater, Sergi (2008). "Alterations of the Global Water Cycle and their Effects on River Structure, Function and Services". Freshwater Reviews. 1 (1): 75–88. doi:10.1608/FRJ-1.1.5. hdl:1834/22839. ISSN 1755-084X. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Vörösmarty, Charles J.; Sahagian, Dork (2000-09-01). "Anthropogenic Disturbance of the Terrestrial Water Cycle". BioScience. 50 (9): 753–765. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2000)050[0753:ADOTTW]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0006-3568.
- ↑ Shiklomanov, Igor A (1998). "Summary of World Water Resources - a new appraisal and assessment for the 21st Century" (PDF). International Hydrological Programme. UNESCO.
- ↑ 12.0 12.1 Vörösmarty, Charles J.; Sahagian, Dork (2000-09-01). "Anthropogenic Disturbance of the Terrestrial Water Cycle". BioScience. 50 (9): 753–765. doi:10.1641/0006-3568(2000)050[0753:ADOTTW]2.0.CO;2. ISSN 0006-3568.
- ↑ Lee, Ellen J.; Schwab, Kellogg J. (2005-06-01). "Deficiencies in drinking water distribution systems in developing countries". Journal of Water and Health. 3 (2): 109–127. doi:10.2166/wh.2005.0012. ISSN 1477-8920. PMID 16075938.
- ↑ Bertham, Olivia; Sanahuja, Fernando (2019-03-30). "Project Ô - D7.5: Study of the current linear water economic model. Identification of weaknesses and opportunities in the water value chain" (PDF). EU Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme. 2: 48.
- ↑ Maaß, Oliver; Grundmann, Philipp (2018-04-09). "Governing Transactions and Interdependences between Linked Value Chains in a Circular Economy: The Case of Wastewater Reuse in Braunschweig (Germany)". Sustainability. 10 (4): 1125. doi:10.3390/su10041125. ISSN 2071-1050.
- ↑ Maere, Thomas; Neethling, JB; Clark, David L.; Pramanik, Amit; Vanrolleghem, Peter A. (2016-07-16). "WERF Nutrient Challenge – Nutrient Regulations, Treatment Performance, and Sustainability Collide". Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation. 2016 (18): 1–16.
- ↑ "Integrated Planning" (PDF). The Water Research Foundation. 2020. Retrieved 2021-10-21. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ "Integrated Water Resources Management: Basic Concepts | IWA Publishing". www.iwapublishing.com. Retrieved 2021-10-22.
- ↑ Ibisch, Ralf B.; Bogardi, Janos J.; Borchardt, Dietrich (2016), Borchardt, Dietrich; Bogardi, Janos J.; Ibisch, Ralf B., eds., Integrated Water Resources Management: Concept, Research and Implementation, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 3–32, doi:10.1007/978-3-319-25071-7_1, ISBN 978-3-319-25069-4, retrieved 2021-10-22
- ↑ "International Decade for Action 'Water for Life' 2005-2015. Focus Areas: Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM)". www.un.org. 2014-11-24. Retrieved 2021-10-22. Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ Mitchell, Bruce (2005-08-01). "Integrated Water Resource Management, Institutional Arrangements, and Land-Use Planning". Environment and Planning A: Economy and Space. 37 (8): 1335–1352. doi:10.1068/a37224. ISSN 0308-518X. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Grigg, Neil S. (2008-08-22). "Integrated water resources management: balancing views and improving practice". Water International. 33 (3): 279–292. doi:10.1080/02508060802272820. ISSN 0250-8060. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Silva, José Maria Cardoso da; Wheeler, Emily (2017-01-01). "Ecosystems as infrastructure". Perspectives in Ecology and Conservation. 15 (1): 32–35. doi:10.1016/j.pecon.2016.11.005. ISSN 2530-0644.
- ↑ Mander, Myles; Jewitt, Graham; Dini, John; Glenday, Julia; Blignaut, James; Hughes, Catherine; Marais, Christo; Maze, Kristal; van der Waal, Benjamin; Mills, Anthony (2017-10-01). "Modelling potential hydrological returns from investing in ecological infrastructure: Case studies from the Baviaanskloof-Tsitsikamma and uMngeni catchments, South Africa". Ecosystem Services. Investing in ecological infrastructure in South Africa. 27: 261–271. doi:10.1016/j.ecoser.2017.03.003. ISSN 2212-0416.
- ↑ Jewitt, Graham; Sutherland, Catherine; Stuart-Hill, Sabine; Taylor, Jim; Risko, Susan; Martell, Patrick; Browne, Michelle (2021-03-04). "Enhancing Water Security through Restoration and Maintenance of Ecological Infrastructure: Lessons From the uMngeni River Basin, South Africa". dx.doi.org. doi:10.5194/egusphere-egu21-11537. Retrieved 2021-10-22. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Kelly, David J.; Schallenberg, Marc (2019-10-02). "Assessing food web structure in relation to nutrient enrichment, macrophyte collapse and lake resilience in shallow lowland lakes". New Zealand Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research. 53 (4): 603–619. doi:10.1080/00288330.2019.1606021. ISSN 0028-8330. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Yang, Chunhui; Yang, Pan; Geng, Jian; Yin, Hongbin; Chen, Kaining (2020-07-01). "Sediment internal nutrient loading in the most polluted area of a shallow eutrophic lake (Lake Chaohu, China) and its contribution to lake eutrophication". Environmental Pollution. 262: 114292. doi:10.1016/j.envpol.2020.114292. ISSN 0269-7491. PMID 32179221 Check
|pmid=value (help). Unknown parameter|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Chislock, M.F.; Doster, E.; Zitomer, R.A.; Wilson, A.E. (2013). "Eutrophication: Causes, Consequences, and Controls in Aquatic Ecosystems" (PDF). Nature Education Knowledge. 4: 10.
- ↑ Chorus, Ingrid; Fastner, Jutta; Welker, Martin (2021). "Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins in a Changing Environment: Concepts, Controversies, Challenges". Water. 13 (18): 2463. doi:10.3390/w13182463.
- ↑ Berardo, Ramiro; Turner, V. Kelly; Rice, Stian (2019-08-28). "Systemic coordination and the problem of seasonal harmful algal blooms in Lake Erie". Ecology and Society. 24 (3). doi:10.5751/ES-11046-240324. ISSN 1708-3087. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Thomas, Jean-Sébastien; Durham, Bruce (2003-08-01). "Integrated Water Resource Management: looking at the whole picture". Desalination. Joint EDS, WSTA and IWA conference on Desalination and the Environment Fresh Water for All UN International Year of Fresh Water 2003. 156 (1): 21–28. doi:10.1016/S0011-9164(03)00320-5. ISSN 0011-9164.
- ↑ Barnes, N., Döring, E. and Petermann, T. et al. (eds.) The Water Impact Guidebook. Capacity Development to Enhance Commercial and Technical Management in Water and Wastewater Utilities. GIZ 2012, Germany, ISBN 978-3-8236-1649-8 https://www.awwa.org/Portals/0/files/publications/documents/Impact-Booklet.pdf?ver=2013-07-16-113638-643
- ↑ Hajian, Mohammadhadi; Jangchi Kashani, Somayeh (2021), "Evolution of the concept of sustainability. From Brundtland Report to sustainable development goals", Sustainable Resource Management, Elsevier, pp. 1–24, doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-824342-8.00018-3, ISBN 9780128243428, retrieved 2021-10-23 Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ State of Connecticut Department of Energy and Environmental Protection, 2018 Integrated Water Quality Report. May 2019. https://learn.stormwaterone.com/files/6975/CT_Resources_Construction/CT_-DEEP-_Integrated_Water_Quality_Report.pdf
- ↑ Badham, Jennifer; Elsawah, Sondoss; Guillaume, Joseph H. A.; Hamilton, Serena H.; Hunt, Randall J.; Jakeman, Anthony J.; Pierce, Suzanne A.; Snow, Valerie O.; Babbar-Sebens, Meghna; Fu, Baihua; Gober, Patricia (2019-06-01). "Effective modeling for Integrated Water Resource Management: A guide to contextual practices by phases and steps and future opportunities". Environmental Modelling & Software. 116: 40–56. doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2019.02.013. ISSN 1364-8152. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Chen, Chao; Ahmad, Sajjad; Kalra, Ajay; Xu, Zhi-xia (2017-06-01). "A dynamic model for exploring water-resource management scenarios in an inland arid area: Shanshan County, Northwestern China". Journal of Mountain Science. 14 (6): 1039–1057. doi:10.1007/s11629-016-4210-1. ISSN 1993-0321. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Derepasko, Diana; Guillaume, Joseph H. A.; Horne, Avril C.; Volk, Martin (2021-05-01). "Considering scale within optimization procedures for water management decisions: Balancing environmental flows and human needs". Environmental Modelling & Software. 139: 104991. doi:10.1016/j.envsoft.2021.104991. ISSN 1364-8152. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Skoulikaris, Charalampos; Filali-Meknassi, Youssef; Aureli, Alice; Amani, Abou; Jiménez-Cisneros, Blanca Elena (2018-07-25), "Information-Communication Technologies as an Integrated Water Resources Management (IWRM) Tool for Sustainable Development", Achievements and Challenges of Integrated River Basin Management, InTech, doi:10.5772/intechopen.74700, ISBN 978-1-78923-482-4, retrieved 2021-10-23 Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Palit, Sukanchan (2020-11-26), "Advancements in Bioremediation and Biotechnology—A Critical Overview", Chemistry and Chemical Engineering for Sustainable Development, Includes bibliographical references and index.: Apple Academic Press, pp. 179–194, doi:10.1201/9780367815967-8, ISBN 9780367815967, retrieved 2021-10-23 Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Andrade, M. A.; Romero-Gomez, P.; Choi, C. Y. (2011-05-19). "Impact of Sustainable Urban Water Infrastructure on Water Quality". World Environmental and Water Resources Congress 2011. Reston, VA: American Society of Civil Engineers: 253–262. doi:10.1061/41173(414)27. ISBN 9780784411735.
- ↑ Sapkota, Mukta; Arora, Meenakshi; Malano, Hector; Moglia, Magnus; Sharma, Ashok; George, Biju; Pamminger, Francis (2014-12-29). "An Overview of Hybrid Water Supply Systems in the Context of Urban Water Management: Challenges and Opportunities". Water. 7 (12): 153–174. doi:10.3390/w7010153. ISSN 2073-4441.
- ↑ Movik, Synne; Mehta, Lyla; van Koppen, Barbara; Denby, Kristi (2017-05-19), "Emergence, Interpretations and Translations of IWRM in South Africa", Flows and Practices, Weaver Press, pp. 85–106, doi:10.2307/j.ctvh8r2qk.7, hdl:11250/2560607, retrieved 2021-10-25
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