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Royal House of Hlongwane

From EverybodyWiki Bios & Wiki


Hlongwane is the royal family name of AmaNgwane.[1][2][3][4]

History of the Royal House of Hlongwane of Mntungwa

The Hlongwane are descendents of Mntungwa.[1][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12] - Ngwane[1][5][8][13] and are the royal family of AmaNgwane[1][2][3][4][8][9][14][15]

The Hlongwane are said to have arrived at the headwaters of the White Umfolozi River, emerging from the reed riverbanks, eZibukweni[5][15], near Phongola/Pongolo[1] [9].[16][17]. The nucleus of the AmaNgwane royal polity was situated at Vryheid and reached Wakkerstroom in the north[1][18]. Their neighbors were the San indigenous people of southern Africa, the Swazi, the Hlubi, the Ndwandwe, the Mthethwa, the Zulu, and the Sotho[18][1][6][18][19].

Commissioned by the Department of Native Affairs of the Union of South Africa[1], state anthropologist and ethnologist Dr. N.J. van Warmelo, published ethnographic reports and census documents identifying the Hlongwane as the royal family of AmaNgwane[1] in 1935 and 1938[1][5][10][11][1][9][8][13] [20].

In 1939, ethnologist Henry Masila Ndawo published Iziduko zama-hlubi[21] (Clan Names of the Hlubi) identifying Mntungwa-Dlamini[21][9][22][23][1][9][8][13][9], as a founding progenitor whose descendents are represented in several southern African hereditary monarchs:

1) AmaHlubi[1][5][6][24][25][26]: Bhungane[21][5][6], Mhlanga[5][9][11][21][22][25][26][27][28][29], Msi-Skhosana[5][6][21][7], Masoka[5], Ndlovu[5][21][26][9], Mtungwa-Dlamini[21][9][22][23][1][9][8][13], Mthimkulu[1][6][5][25][18], Hadebe[1][5][6][21][30]

2) AmaSwazi/AmaSwati/EmaSwati[8][25][26][31][32][33]: Nkhosi[5], Dlamini[5][8][31][32][9], Hlubi[5][31][34], Ngwane[5][35][31][34][18], Mlangeni[5]

3) AmaMntungwa[6][1][5][11][12][36][37][22]: Ngwane[1][5][19][2][3][4], AmaNgwane[1][24][25][26][33][34][38][18][39] [40][14][41][42][43], Hlongwane[1][5][19][2][3][4], Sangweni Mwelase[1][5][21][9][44][9], Matiwane[1][9][8][14][15], Zikhali[14][41][42][43][40]

In 2002, the Swaziland National Trust Commission published field research identifying the Hlongwane as Mntungwa-Ngwane, emerging from the river reed beds, "ezinhlangeni zomfula.[5][45]"

The designation Ntungwa/Mtungwa[1][5][11][12][36][37] denotes kinship with the royal Mntungwa-Dlamini[21][9][22][23][1][9][8][13] that crossed the Zembezi/Zambesi River[12][25][46][47][48][49] using rafts made of reeds or Umhlanga/Uhlanga" [1][5][15][36][37][48][50][51][52][53]. "Umhlanga"[5][15][36][37][50][52][54] is the word for reed in isiNtungwa[55][56], SiSwati[5][57], IsiZulu[15][58][59][60], and isiXhosa[61][62]. It refers to a sacred plant that grows tall and stiff in wetlands[48].

The Battle of Mbholompo

King Matiwane of Masumpa[9][14] was king (Inkosi[15][63][28]) of AmaNgwane during the Mfecane[1][64][65]. The Mfecane was a period of intense military conquest and territory expansion among the groups in southern Africa[23].

The royal kraals of the AmaNgwane of Matiwane of Masumpa were at the headwaters of White Mfolozi (Vryheid) until they were attacked by the Mthethwa of Dingiswayo of Jobe kaKayi and the Ndwandwe of Zwide KaLanga[1][11][16][18][66].

The AmaNgwane fled south in the direction of the Tugela[67].

The Ndwandwe then executed the king of the Mthethwa, Dingiswayo of Jobe kaKayi in 1817[6][68] and drove the Swazi of King Sobhuza I into present day Swaziland/Eswatini[69], effectively making the Ndwandwe of Zwide KaLanga the most powerful group between Phongola, the White Umfolozi (Vryheid), Mhlatuze, and the Indian Ocean[6].

King Dingiswayo was avenged by Shaka Zulu KaSenzangakhona[18], a rising general in the Mthethwa military ranks, whose regiments annihilated the Ndwandwe in open war and invaded their kingdom in 1819[6][70][71]. [27].

The execution of Dingiswayo, king of the Mthethwa[72], and the fall of the Ndwandwe kingdom of Zwide KaLanga created a leadership vacuum in northern KwaZulu Natal that led to Shaka Zulu emerging as king of the Zulu (Malandela Ka Luzumane) clan and the Mthethwa confederacy, triggering the formation of the modern day Zulu Kingdom[16][73][71]

The Ngwane settled at the Tugela until Shaka's military raids pushed the AmaNgwane west, towards the Hlubi in Okahlamba in the Drakensberg [70][74]. King Matiwane's uShiyi[1][9] and Ntsimbi[1] military regiments conquered the Hlubi of Mtimkhulu II of Bhungane II[65] and claimed their territory in 1821.[30][26][67]. Matiwane's attack on the Hlubi of Mthimkhulu II is often associated with a diviner called Zulu ka Mafu of the Hadebe Hlubi[6][25]. The remaining Hlubi followed Mpangazitha, brother of Mthimkulu II, over the Drakensberg into the highveld[18].

In 1825, AmaNgwane of Matiwane entered the highveld and defeated the Hlubi of Mpangazitha[6][68][30]. This extended AmaNgwane territory from south of the Tugela into Mont-Aux-Sources[1], beginning the AmaNgwane paramountcy. Over time, AmaNgwane conquered the Hlubi, Bhele, Zizi, and BaSotho, with Matiwane establishing the center of the AmaNgwane paramountcy at Thaba Bosiu, effectively stretching his paramountcy from Okahlamba to the Caledon River[11][75]. King Moshoeshoe of the Sotho acknowledged the paramountcy of King Matiwane of AmaNgwane, paying him regular tribute[18][33][75][76]

Some members of the conquered groups did not join the AmaNgwane paramountcy and fled between the Mzimkhulu and Mzimvubu rivers, of present day Mthatha. AmaBhaca and AmaMpondo had traditionally occupied this area since the 15th century[77][78]. Those seeking refuge from AmaNgwane kaMatiwane[65]and the Zulu of Shaka KaSenzangakhona[65] were identified as the Mfengu/Fingo[28][75][79] as early as 1824[75]. The Mfengu were met by King Ngqungqushe[80] of the Mpondo, King Ngubengcuka (Vusani)[70] of AbaThembu, and King Hintsa of the Gcaleka Xhosa[74][79][38][81].

Having established their paramountcy between Okahlamba and the Caledon River, Matiwane's regiments started crossing the Orange River, into the Cape Colony[1][11][18]. By 1825, the Ngwane were already attacking the Thembu and the Mpondo[1][82]. In August 1827, Inkhosi Bawana, Chief of amaTshatshu[70], a sub-clan of the AbaThembu, informed the Cape Government that two years prior, Matiwane's regiments had attacked his tribe at the Hangklip Mountain and driven away his cattle[1][70]. These raids routed some Mpondo and Thembu towards the Great Kei River.JC Warner, a Wesleyan missionary served as a negotiator between the Thembu and AmaNgwane[74].

While Matiwane's raids were heavily focused on Thembuland in 1827[83], Shaka Zulu began piercing the northern frontier of Mpondoland[1]. This chain of events is said to have caused some British military officers under the watch of Lieutenant Colonel Somerset, such as Colonel Thomas Dundas[68], to conclude that Matiwane's regiments were those Shaka Zulu[18][67][81].

Shaka Attacked AmaNgwane at Thaba Bosiu in 1828, this time enlisted by King Moshoeshoe of the Sotho[18][84]. This pushed the nucleus of the AmaNgwane further into AbaThembu territory. Shortly after, the Ngwane were defeated at the Battle of Mbholompo near Umtata, in the Cape Colony, on August 28, 1828[18][64][70][74][68][85][86][87][88].

After the nation's defeat by British forces led by Colonel Dundas.[82] and an organized group of AbaThembu, AmaMpondo, and Gcaleka Xhosa[1][68][81][85], King Matiwane moved many AmaNgwane back to the Drakensberg Mountains of Okahlamba and sent the crown prince Zikhali to the then King of Eswatini, Sobhuza I (Somhlolo) for protection[1]

Other sections of the Ngwane remained into the Cape Colony under chiefs Khondlo and Mphayise, and in the kingdoms of Lesotho and Eswatini. Clans who descend from the Royal House of Hlongwane.[1] include the Sangweni[5], Tshani/Tyani, Masumpa[39][1][8][9][14][15], Zikhali[14][41][42][43][40], Tunyiswa[89][38][64][90]/Thunyiswa[38], Ntsimango[1][39], Khondlo[1], Mzamo[1], Kobese, Zembe, Khanyile, and Mphayise[1]

South African historian, Samuel Edward Krune Mqhayi, wrote about the Battle of Mbolompho and the birth of Inkhosana Thunyiswa Hlongwane in his book, Umhlekazi U Hintsa:[38]

1) "Zatsho kabuhlung' eMbolompo,

Zatsho' emantlok' oMthatha!

...Zamgodus' uMatiwane nonina,

Sajong' eMpum' isifombo soMasumpa!

Semka sincamile sisithi, "Hay, ubuNguni!

Wath' unina "Ngangikuxelela mntan' ami,

Ngithi nabafileyo bayavuk' eBuNguni."

Wasal' uThunyisw' ezalelwa kwa Hintsa,

Kuz' abe yinganga yase buNguni."

2) "Thunyiswa - Le yeyona ncam yama Ngwane; Izelwe emva, kwelo Duli lase Mbolompo; Kwathiwa ngu Thunyiswa kuba uMatiwane wayesithi, - 'Asoyiswanga sisuke sathunyelwa ngezi Thunywa'".[38]

The Royal House of Hlongwane in The Republic of South Africa

After the nations defeat at Umtata, Inkosi Matiwane moved the nucleus of AmaNgwane into the Okahlamba, Drakensberg. This is where the AmaNgwane royal polity was revived through King Matiwane's son, Inkosi Zikhali of Matiwane of the Royal House of Hlongwane.

Inkosi Zikhali ka Masumpa led groups of the Natal Native Contingent known as the Zikhali horse against the Zulu at the Battle of Isandlwana in 1879[14][41][42][43][40]. Many in present day KwaZulu Natal started calling members of the Royal House of Hlongwane, AbabkwaZikhali[1]/Aba-kwa-Zikali[9].

Inkosi Zikhali Ka Matiwane married the daughter of Sobuzha I, Indlovukazi Nomlalazi, who gave birth to Inkosi Ncwadi Hlongwane, Ncwadi Hlongwane ka Zikhali (Ngwadi II) around 1850[1].

In the Cape Colony, the first generation of Tunyiswa from the Royal House of Hlongwane were educated at the historical Healdtown mission institution and joined the Methodist clergy [91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98]. They established the native congress and laid the foundation for the ratification of constitutional rights for natives in the Cape Colony[99].

Jonathan Tunyiswa of Rev. James Tunyiswa of the Royal House of Hlongwane gathered members of the educated Xhosa elite and established the Native Congress (Ngqungqutela) to obtain equal rights for natives in the Cape Colony on July 9th, 1890[99][100][101][102][103][104][101] [105][106][107][108]. Jonathan Tunyiswa, Walter Rubusana, Thomas Mqanda, and Chambers Nyombolo established the South African Native Congress (SANC) on December 30, 1891.[102][103][104][101].The SANC issued resolutions to the English Crown seeking protection of the interests of all African and coloured people in the Cape Colony[109].

Gathered among elected delegates at the Inter-State Native College in 1906, Jonathan Tunyiswa of the Royal House of Hlongwane, John Tengo Jabavu, founder of Imvo Zabantsundu (South Africa's first native-owned Xhosa language newspaper), and Rev. J. Henderson, Principal of the Lovedale Missionary Institution, had a profound impact on promoting literacy and establishing a printing press in the Cape Colony.[108][100][101][102][103][104][101] [99][105][106][107][108].

In 1930, Rev. John Henderson Soga published The South Eastern Bantu (Abe-Nguni, Aba-Mbo, Ama-Lala) arguing that Mafu of the Royal House of Hlongwane of AmaNgwane is the progenitor of Ama-Ngwane, Ama-Bomvu, Ama-Bomvana, and Ama-Swazi[26].

In 1938, the Union of South Africa published ethnographic research on the Hlongwane royal family, documenting that the true Ngwane[1] royal polity known as AmaNgwane[1] crystalized when King Ngwadi I of the Royal House of Hlongwane united with the Mazibuko, Mdluli, Luvuno, Ndaba, Gumede, Mlambo, Zondo, Madela, Khaba, Zigode, Khoza, Goza, Ntshali and other clans, producing a formidable nation neighboring the Swazi[32][110], Ndwandwe[73], Mthethwa[73][72], Hlubi[111], and Zulu[27].

In 1937, Samuel Edward Krune Mqhayi, author of iBali Lamawele, published Umhlekazi UHintsa investigating the role of prominent figures in the AmaNgwane royal court such as Masumpa, Matiwane, Zikhali, and Inkhosana Thunyiswa Hlongwane who met King Hintsa, at the Battle of Mbholompo on August 28, 2028.[38]

On 19 September, 1976 His Majesty Inkosi Tshanibezwe Hlongwane hosted His Royal Highness, Mangosuthu G. Buthelezi, for the opening of Okahlamba High School and Tshanibezwe Junior Secondary School and the inaugaration of the AmaNgwane Regional branch of Inkatha Freedom Party[112].

On February 23, 2006 the Deputy President of South Africa, Her Excellency Phumzile Mlambo-Ngcuka visited His Majesty Inkosi Menzi Hlongwane in Bergville, Northern KwaZulu-Natal.[2]

On July 10, 2013, His Majesty Inkosi Menzi Hlongwane hosted the Mayor of Okhahlamba, Thulani Sibeko, and representatives of the office of the Premier to encourage community members to address social ills.[3]

On August 1, 2016 His Majesty Inkosi Hlongwane's AmaNgwane Tribal Authority and surrounding areas received a R7 million investment benefits Bergville from The Department of Co-operative Governance and Traditional Affairs (CoGTA) of the Government of the Republic of South Africa.[4]

On August 27, 2021 His Majesty Inkosi Menzi Hlongwane led a peace against gender-based violence with Member of the Executive Council (MEC) Nonhlanhla Mildred Khoza, the Okhahlamba Local Municipality Mayor, Councillor Mlungisi Ndlangisa[113].

The Right of the King of the Royal House of Hlongwane

AmaNgwane believe in a supreme being known as Unkhulunkhulu[51] or Omvelingangi[15]/ Omvelingangi[15]/ Umvelingangi[15]/Umvelinqangi[1], the creator of all things and people, including dynasties. Mntungwa folklore says that they inherited the divine right of kings from Omvelingangi[15]/Umvelinqangi[1] who was the first to emerge from the reed banks, eluhlangeni[48]. The reed plant, which grows tall and stiff near wetlands, is an defining cultural symbol of the Mntungwa, the plant is called Umhlanga[15][28][16][1][26][28][29][5][9][11][21][22][25].

The early stages of the Hlongwane royal polity involved intermarriage with the Mwelase, a royal section of the Hlubi[1][5][21]. The clan praises of the Mwelase say that they do not cross the river at shallow ford (izibuko), they cross the river at the reedbanks, ezinhlangeni zomfula [5][21][5][45][114][53].

The Hlongwane royal family's clan praises (izithakazelo) include Ntungwa/Mntungwa[1][5][10][25][26][16] and Ngwane[1][5][15] to denote kingship and kinship with the Mntungwa-Dlamini [21] that crossed the Zembezi using umhlanga/uhlanga or, reeds[1][26][28][29]. The Hlongwane royal family's clan praises also include Ndabezitha[5], a Ntungwa/Zulu mark of distinction, meaning paramount chief, king, or member of the Ntungwa royal family[5][115][116][117][118][119][120][121][45].

The Mntungwa used the umhlanga reed plant to make grain baskets used for river crossings[22].The origin story of the Mntungwa, Dlamini by way of crossing the Zembezi River umhlanga/uhlanga or "reeds" has been documented by the Swaziland National Trust Commission, The Natural History Society of Swaziland, and The Conservation Trust of Swaziland, by commissioned of His Majesty, King Sobhuza II, in his capacity as Ingwenyama, the ultimate custodian of Swati Law and Custom[5][122], alongside the Queen Mother/Ndlovukazi[123].

Historians such as Magema Magwaza Fuze, Alice Werner, Richard Patricks, Alfred Thomas Bryant, E.A Ritter, and S.E.K Mqhayi have documented the "umhlanga/reed" origin story of the Ntungwa-Nguni groups of southern Africa in their publications The Black People and Whence They Came: A Zulu View[124]; Myths and Legends of the Bantu[51], Swazi Surnames and the Praise Names(Tibongo Netinanatelo Temaswati)[5], Zulu People as They Were Before White People Came[16], Shaka Zulu: The Rise of the Zulu Empire[125], The Collected Poems of S.E.K Mqhayi[126], and Xosa Poetry for Schools (Imihobe Nemibongo Yokufundwa Ezikolweni)[127].

The reigning king of the Royal House of Hlongwane and AmaNgwane, as recognized by the Presidency of the Republic of South Africa[2][3][128], is His Majesty, King (Inkosi[15][63][28]) Menzi Hlongwane[2][129][130][3]. His Majesty Menzi Hlongwane's male line traces back to the historical Ntungwa/Mntungwa-Dlamini[1][5][10], Ngwane[1][5][9][31][32].

Mntungwa kings that produced the Royal House of Hlongwane[5][9][21][131]

Recorded kings of the Royal House of Hlongwane that produced the AmaNgwane kingdom[1][5][15]

Clan Praises of the Royal House of Hlongwane

1) Hlongwane

Hlongwane, Sangweni, Mntungwa, Ngwane[5]

Nduku zinobulongwe, masenga sileke,

Nina bebutho lika Sangweni,

Ligwalagwala lakithi elimadolo abomvu,

Zikhali ezingalingani namaxhegwana,

Mntungwa, Ngwane, Mwelase

2) Sangweni

Sangweni, Ndabezitha, Mwelase,[44], Hlongwane[5]

Wena wawela eZubukweni ezinhlangeni zomfula[5][134][128]

Masenga sileke, Gwabini, Masumpa Ka Tshani, Tshani obude kaNsele[5]

3) Sangweni

Hlongwane, Sangweni, Mwelase, Ndabezitha, Mntungwa,[5]

Wena longayidli imbuti lensele, Ngwane,[5]

Wena longaweli ngetibuko, uwela ezinhlangeni zomfula,[5][134][128]

Nselendvuna yekudlalisela[5]

Individuals with the surname Hlongwane

Notable figures with the surname Hlongwane include:

  • King Matiwane, King of AmaNgwane
  • King Masumpa, King of AmaNgwane
  • King Ngwadi, King of amaNgwane
  • King Zikhali, King of amaNgwane
  • King Bambazi, King of amaNgwane
  • King Ngwadi II, King of amaNgwane
  • King Tshani, King of amaNgwane
  • King Nsele, King of amaNgwane
  • King Ndungunya, King of amaNgwane
  • King Menzi, King of amaNgwane
  • Fana Hlongwane, South African politician and businessman
  • Bongokuhle Hlongwane, South African footballer
  • Samuel Hlongwane, South African Navy officer
  • Thomas Hlongwane, South African footballer

References

  1. ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 1.17 1.18 1.19 1.20 1.21 1.22 1.23 1.24 1.25 1.26 1.27 1.28 1.29 1.30 1.31 1.32 1.33 1.34 1.35 1.36 1.37 1.38 1.39 1.40 1.41 1.42 1.43 1.44 1.45 1.46 1.47 1.48 1.49 1.50 1.51 1.52 1.53 1.54 1.55 1.56 1.57 1.58 1.59 1.60 1.61 1.62 1.63 1.64 1.65 1.66 1.67 1.68 1.69 1.70 1.71 1.72 Van Warmelo, N.J (1938). History of Matiwane and the Amangwane Tribe (PDF). Pretoria, Republic of South Africa: Union of South Africa, Department of Native Affairs. pp. 1, 5, 9, 10, 11, 12, 14, 15, 19, 30, 31, 32, 33, 42, 43, 56, 70, 71, 76, 78, 81, 116, 120, 135, 156, 157, 158, 218, 219, 222, 223, 224, 233, 225, 255, 261. ISBN 9781928326205. Search this book on
  2. ↑ 2.00 2.01 2.02 2.03 2.04 2.05 2.06 2.07 2.08 2.09 Republic of South Africa, The Presidency. "P Mlambo-Ngcuka to visit KwaZulu-Natal, 24 Feb". Government of South Africa.
  3. ↑ 3.00 3.01 3.02 3.03 3.04 3.05 3.06 3.07 3.08 3.09 The Republic of South Africa, Government Communication and Information System (July 1, 2013). "Community dialogue seeks to eliminate social ills" (PDF). Government Communication and Information System, The Republic of South Africa.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 Ngobese, Thandeka (August 1, 2016). "Peeletšo ya R7 milione e hola Bergville (A R7 million loan to Bergville)" (PDF). Vuk'uzenzele Government Communications (GCIS). Retrieved June 21, 2016.
  5. ↑ 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.03 5.04 5.05 5.06 5.07 5.08 5.09 5.10 5.11 5.12 5.13 5.14 5.15 5.16 5.17 5.18 5.19 5.20 5.21 5.22 5.23 5.24 5.25 5.26 5.27 5.28 5.29 5.30 5.31 5.32 5.33 5.34 5.35 5.36 5.37 5.38 5.39 5.40 5.41 5.42 5.43 5.44 5.45 5.46 5.47 5.48 5.49 5.50 5.51 5.52 5.53 5.54 5.55 5.56 5.57 Patricks, Richard (2002). Tibongo Netinanatelo Temaswati/Swazi Surnames and their Praise names (PDF). Mbabane, Kingdom of Eswatini: Swaziland National Trust Commission, Natural History Society of Swaziland, Conservation Trust of Swaziland. pp. 21, 63. Search this book on
  6. ↑ 6.00 6.01 6.02 6.03 6.04 6.05 6.06 6.07 6.08 6.09 6.10 6.11 6.12 6.13 6.14 6.15 6.16 John Wright and Andrew Manson (1983). The Hlubi Chiefdom in Zululand-Natal, A History (PDF). Ladysmith, Kwazulu Natal, South Africa: Ladysmith Historical Society. p. 4. ISBN 0 620 06178 2. Search this book on
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 Inkosi Zizi Zuko Pokwana ka Menziwa Ah! Jongisilo and Inkosi Ngangomzi Pokwana ka Menziwa Ah! Jongumhlaba (2008). The Lineage / genealogy of AmaZizi, the Dlamini of Southern Africa (PDF). Menziwa Great Place, Eastern Cape, South Africa: Vusizwe Foundation for Historical Research. pp. 3, 5, . Search this book on
  8. ↑ 8.00 8.01 8.02 8.03 8.04 8.05 8.06 8.07 8.08 8.09 8.10 8.11 Bronner, Phillip (1983). Kings, Commoners and Concessionaires (PDF). Cambridge University Press. pp. 9, 10, 11, 12, 30, 239, . ISBN 0 52124270 3. Search this book on
  9. ↑ 9.00 9.01 9.02 9.03 9.04 9.05 9.06 9.07 9.08 9.09 9.10 9.11 9.12 9.13 9.14 9.15 9.16 9.17 9.18 9.19 9.20 9.21 9.22 9.23 9.24 9.25 9.26 9.27 9.28 9.29 9.30 9.31 9.32 9.33 9.34 9.35 9.36 9.37 9.38 9.39 9.40 9.41 9.42 9.43 9.44 9.45 9.46 Bryant, The Rev, A.T (1929). Olden Times in Zululand and Natal (PDF). London, United Kingdom: Longmans, Green & Co. pp. 82, 99, 146, 115, 135, 137, 222. Search this book on
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 Dalby, David (1970). Language and History in Africa (PDF). New York: Africana Publishing Corporation. pp. 123, 124, 125, 126, 128, . Search this book on
  11. ↑ 11.00 11.01 11.02 11.03 11.04 11.05 11.06 11.07 11.08 11.09 Bryant, A.T (1964). A History of the Zulu & Neighboring Tribes (PDF). Cape Town: C. Strunk Africana Specialist & Publisher. p. 35. Search this book on
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 12.3 Mphande, Lupenga (1993). Research in African Literatures: Ngoni praise poetry and the Nguni diaspora (Vol. 24, Issue 4 ed.). Indiana University Press. Search this book on
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 Thwala, Jozi Joseph (2002). Lucwaningo Ngetibongo Temakhosi Emaswati: Sobhuza I – Sobhuza II [Research on the Praise Names of the Eswatini Kings: Sobhuza I – Sobhuza II] (in SiSwati). University of Zululand (published December 30, 2022). pp. 20, 25, 84. Search this book on
  14. ↑ 14.00 14.01 14.02 14.03 14.04 14.05 14.06 14.07 14.08 14.09 Laband, John (2009). Historical Dictionary of the Zulu Wars (PDF) (No. 37 ed.). Maryland, USA: The Scarecrow Press, Inc. pp. 4, 151, 160, 236, 254, 294. Search this book on
  15. ↑ 15.00 15.01 15.02 15.03 15.04 15.05 15.06 15.07 15.08 15.09 15.10 15.11 15.12 15.13 15.14 15.15 15.16 15.17 15.18 15.19 15.20 15.21 15.22 Callaway, Rev. Henry (1970). The religious system of the AmaZulu (PDF). Cape Town: Springdale Mission Press, The Rustica Press (Pty.), C. Struik (pty.) Ltd, Africana Specialist and Publisher. pp. 9, 15, 31, 32, 33, 35, 36, 39, 40, 41, 44, 46, 51, 52, 55, 76, 88, 89, 90, 103, 110, 124, 207, 253, 436, . Search this book on
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.3 16.4 16.5 Bryant (PhD), A.T (1949). The Zulu People as they were before the white people came (PDF). Shuter & Shooter Publishers (Pty) Ltd. pp. 18, 27, 39, 179, 243, . Search this book on
  17. ↑ Michael Westcott & Carolyn Hamilton (1992). In the Tracks of The Swazi Past: A historical tour of the Ngwane and Ndwander Kingdoms (PDF). Manzini, Kingdom of Swaziland: Macmillan Boleswa Publishers (Ply) ltd. pp. 9, 13, 33, 34, 38, 46, . ISBN 0 333 47908 4. Search this book on
  18. ↑ 18.00 18.01 18.02 18.03 18.04 18.05 18.06 18.07 18.08 18.09 18.10 18.11 18.12 18.13 Omer-Cooper, J. D. (2008). A Cambridge History of Africa: The Nguni Outburst (PDF). Cambridge University Press. pp. 319–352. ISBN 9781139054591. Search this book on
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 Warrick, Gary (2011). "The Disappearance of the Drakensberg San" (PDF). Wilfrid Laurier University.
  20. ↑ Van Warmelo, N. J. (1935). A preliminary survey of the Bantu tribes of South Africa (PDF). The Government Printer, Pretoria: Union of South Africa, Department of Native Affairs. pp. 26, 30, 67, 74, 78, 83. Search this book on
  21. ↑ 21.00 21.01 21.02 21.03 21.04 21.05 21.06 21.07 21.08 21.09 21.10 21.11 21.12 21.13 21.14 21.15 21.16 21.17 21.18 21.19 Ndawo, Masila Henry (1939). Iziduko Zama-Hlubi [Clan Names of The Hlubi] (PDF) (in Xhosa). The Lovedale Press. pp. 5, 11, 15, 16, 18, 20, 21.CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link) Search this book on
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 22.4 22.5 22.6 22.7 22.8 Thompson, Leonard (1969). African Societies in Southern Africa (PDF). London: Heinemann Educational Books Ltd. p. 142. Search this book on
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 Gillis, D. Hugh (1999). The Kingdom of Swaziland: Studies in Political History (PDF). Westport, Connecticut: Greenwood Press. p. 10. Search this book on
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Lesniewski, Michal (2010). Guns and Horses, c 1750 to c 1850: Korana – People or Raiding Hordes?. Warsaw, Poland: University of Warsaw, Poland. p. 19. Search this book on
  25. ↑ 25.00 25.01 25.02 25.03 25.04 25.05 25.06 25.07 25.08 25.09 25.10 Killie Campbell Africana Library (1979). The James Stuart Archive (PDF). Pietermaritzburg, South Africa: University of Natal Press. pp. 11, 13, 35, 73, 92, 168, 196, . ISBN 0 86980 189 9. Search this book on
  26. ↑ 26.00 26.01 26.02 26.03 26.04 26.05 26.06 26.07 26.08 26.09 26.10 26.11 26.12 26.13 Soga, Rev. John Henderson (2013). The South-Eastern Bantu (Abe-Nguni, Aba-Mbo, Ama-Lala) (PDF). Cambridge University Press. pp. 50–491. Search this book on
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 Eldredge, Elizabeth A. (2014). The Creation of the Zulu Kingdom, 1815–1828: War, Shaka, and the Consolidation of Power. New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 1, 26, 42, 76, 231. ISBN 978 1 107 07532 0. Search this book on
  28. ↑ 28.00 28.01 28.02 28.03 28.04 28.05 28.06 28.07 28.08 28.09 C. M. Coke (M.A., D.LITT) and B. W. Vilakazi (M.A., D.LITT) (1972). Zulu-English Dictionary (PDF). Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press. pp. 319, 3, 30, 183, 193, 312, 315, 404, 405, 488, 500, . ISBN 0 85494 027 8.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) Search this book on
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 29.3 Werner, Alice (1933). Myths and Legends of the Bantu (PDF). London: George G. Harrap and Co. p. 30. Search this book on
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 Ndawo, Henry Masila (1951). Ibali LamaHlubi, Notebook 7 [The Story of the Hlubi] (PDF) (in Xhosa). Cory Library. p. 365.CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link) Search this book on
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 31.2 31.3 31.4 Kuper, Hilda (1947). An African Aristocracy: Rand Among the Swazi. Abington and New York: Oxford University Press. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-8153-8713-8. Search this book on
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 32.2 32.3 Kuper, Hilda. The Swazi: A South African Kingdom. New York, Chicago, San Francisco, Toronto, London: Holt, Rinehart and Winston. p. 9. Search this book on
  33. ↑ 33.0 33.1 33.2 Eldredge, Elizabeth A. (2015). Kingdoms and Chiefdoms and Southeastern Africa: Oral Traditions and History, 1400–1830 (PDF). University of Rochester Press. p. 17. Search this book on
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 34.2 Omer-Cooper, J. D. (2008). Cambridge History of Africa: Colonial South Africa and its frontiers (PDF). Cambridge University Press. p. 379. ISBN 9781139054591. Search this book on
  35. ↑ Corum, Claudia (1980). Siswati Special Skills Handbook. Peace Corps Language Handbook Series (PDF). Peace Corps, Washington, D.C. pp. 13, 29, . Search this book on
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 36.3 Killie Campbell Africana Library (1979). The James Stuart Archive (PDF). Pietermaritzburg, South Africa: University of Natal Press. pp. 11, 13, 35, 73, 168, 196, . ISBN 0 86980 189 9. Search this book on
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 37.3 Soga, Rev. John Henderson (2013). The South-Eastern Bantu (Abe-Nguni, Aba-Mbo, Ama-Lala) (PDF). Cambridge University Press. pp. 50–491. Search this book on
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.3 38.4 38.5 38.6 Mqhayi, S.E.K (1937). Umhlekazi U Hintsa [His Highness King Hintsa] (PDF) (in Xhosa). The Lovedale Press. pp. 5, 7–8, 14, 15.CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link) Search this book on
  39. ↑ 39.0 39.1 39.2 39.3 Kawa, Richard T Ainton (1929). Ibali LamaMfengu (PDF). Fort Hare, Alice: The Lovedale Press. pp. 8, 39, 41, 42, 43, 109. Search this book on
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 40.2 40.3 Knight, Ian. "The Zulu Princes Who Fought For The British in 1879" (PDF). Anglo Zulu War Historical Society: 5.
  41. ↑ 41.0 41.1 41.2 41.3 Best, Brian. "Mounted Troops in Zululand" (PDF). Anglo-Zulu War Historical Society: 1, 2, 4.
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 42.2 42.3 Amafa AkwaZulu Natali (2015). The Isandlwana Battlefield (PDF). Pietermaritzburg: Amafa Institute. p. 2. Search this book on
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 43.2 43.3 Smith, Keith I. "The Several Captains Barton" (PDF). Anglo Zulu War Historical Society: 3.
  44. ↑ 44.0 44.1 Thwala, Jozi Joseph (February 13, 2021). "An Examination of Clan Names and Clan Praises as Anthroponymic Domains in Swati Culture" (PDF). Current Journal of Applied Science and Technology: 42, 43, 45.
  45. ↑ 45.0 45.1 45.2 Roberts, Rev. Charles (1900). A Zulu Manual or Vade-mecum (PDF). London: Kegan paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Ltd; Gilbert and Rivington, Ltd. pp. 30, 31, 51, 52, 60. Search this book on
  46. ↑ Andy E. Moore, Fenton P.D. (Woody) Cotterhill,, Mike P. L. Maine, and Hugh B. Williams (2007). Large Rivers, Geomorphology and Management: The Zambezi River (PDF). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, AMPAL (Pty) Ltd. pp. 1–23.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) Search this book on
  47. ↑ Eric H J Hiscock, Tabeth Matiza-Chiuta, IUCN-ROSA, and Timothy J F Lash (1996). Zambezi Basin Wetlands Conservation and Resource Utilisation Project: Inception Mission Report, June 1996 (PDF). The World Conservation Union: IUCN: International Union for Conservation of Nature and Natural Resources. ISBN 0 7974 1643 9.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) Search this book on
  48. ↑ 48.0 48.1 48.2 48.3 David and Charles Livingston (1893). Narrative of an expedition to the Zambesi and its tributaries; and of the discovery of the lakes Shirwa and Nyassa. 1858-1864. Massachusetts: Harper and Brothers Publishers. pp. ix, 14, 324. Search this book on
  49. ↑ Theal, George McCall (1907). History and Ethnography of Africa South of the Zambesi, from the Settlement of the Portuguese at Sofala in September 1505 to the Conquest of the Cape Colony by the British in September 1795 (Vol 2 ed.). Cape Colony: Foundation of the Cape Colony By The Dutch, Archives of the Cape Colony,. pp. 291–311, 396, 496. Search this book on
  50. ↑ 50.0 50.1 C. M. Coke (M.A., D.LITT) and B. W. Vilakazi (M.A., D.LITT) (1972). Zulu-English Dictionary (PDF). Johannesburg: Witwatersrand University Press. pp. 319, 3, 30, 183, 193, 312, 315, 404, 405, 488, 500, . ISBN 0 85494 027 8.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) Search this book on
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 51.2 Werner, Alice (1933). Myths and Legends of the Bantu (PDF). London: George G. Harrap and Co. p. 30. Search this book on
  52. ↑ 52.0 52.1 Roberts, Rev. Charles (1895). English-Zulu Dictionary:with the principles of pronunciation and classification fully explained (2nd ed.). London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., Ltd. pp. 13, 171, 188. Search this book on
  53. ↑ 53.0 53.1 Stuart, J. uHlangakula: Incwadi ye zindaba za Bantu ba kwa Zulu, na ba seNatala [The Bantu of Zululand and Natal] (PDF). London, New York, Toronto: Longmans, Green and Co. pp. 13, 14, 31, 69, 97, 98, 101, 109, 125, 150, 154. Search this book on
  54. ↑ King Sobhuza II; Isaac Dlamini (11 November 1968). "Phuhlaphi Nsibandze (Royal interview, 1968)" (PDF). Swaziland Oral History Project, Wits Historical Papers. pp. 1, 10, 16, 36.
  55. ↑ Msweli (PhD), Zanele Priscilla (2022). An analysis of isiZulu language in the television drama “Isibaya”: An educators’ functional linguistic and sociocultural perspectives. University of Zululand. p. 53. Search this book on
  56. ↑ Nkabinde, A.C. "The Implications of Culture for Dictionaries of the African Languages". Lexikos Journal: 173.
  57. ↑ Sone, Enongene Mirabeau (August 1, 2010). Aesthetics from the Swazi perspective:The case of the Swazi umhlanga/reed dance. University of Eswatini. pp. 130, 131, 133.CS1 maint: Date and year (link) Search this book on
  58. ↑ Oliver Nyambi and Patricks Voua Otomo (June 3, 2021). African Studies Review: Zulu Poems of (and for) Nature: Bhekinkosi Ntuli’s Environmental Imagination in Imvunge Yemvelo (1972) (PDF). Cambridge University Press. pp. 555, 556, .CS1 maint: Date and year (link) Search this book on
  59. ↑ Raper, Peter E. (2012). Bushman (San) influence on Zulu place names (PDF). Free State: Acta Academica. pp. 65, 66, 75, 106, 107, 111, 136, 149, 174, . Search this book on
  60. ↑ Leslie, David (1875). Among the Zulus and AmaTongas (PDF). Glasgow: Printed by Gilchrist, Howard Street; Macmillian & Co; Maclehose. p. 149. Search this book on
  61. ↑ Schoots (PhD), Jonathan (2023). Analyzing political formation through historical isiXhosa text analysis: Using frequency analysis to examine emerging African Nationalism in South Africa (PDF). Stellenbosch University. p. 68. Search this book on
  62. ↑ "Uhlanga, noun". Dictionary of South African English. Retrieved July 20, 2026.
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 de Brito, Bernardo Gomes (1959). The Tragic History of the Sea, 1589-1622. London: Hakluyt Society at the University Press. pp. 71, 218, 293. Search this book on
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 64.2 Rubusana (PhD, MPC), W.B (1911). Zemk'inkomo Magwalandini (PDF). Frome and London: Butler and Tanner: The Selwood Printing Works. pp. 100, 106, 120, 323, 329, 354, 499. Search this book on
  65. ↑ 65.0 65.1 65.2 65.3 Maxengana (PhD), Nomalungisa Sylvia (2018). The History and Historiography of the AmaMfengu of the Eastern Cape, 1820-1900 (PDF). University of Fort Hare: Faculty of Social Science and Humanities Department of History. Search this book on
  66. ↑ Wright, John (March 1, 2006). "Beyond the Zulu aftermath: Rescrambling Southern Africa's mfecane migrations" (PDF). Wits Institute for Social and Economic Research.
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 67.2 J.D Fage and Roland Oliver (2008). The Cambridge History of Africa (PDF) (volume 5 ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 337. Search this book on
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 68.2 68.3 68.4 Stapleton, Timothy J. (2010). A military history of South Africa: from the Dutch-Khoi wars to the end of apartheid (PDF). Santa Barbara, California: Praeger, an Imprint of ABC-CLIO, LLC. pp. 11, 12, 15, 17, 18. ISBN 978 0 313 36589 8. Search this book on
  69. ↑ Greaves, Andrew (2020). The origin and development of Zulu Age-sets (PDF). Anglo Zulu War Historical Society. Search this book on
  70. ↑ 70.0 70.1 70.2 70.3 70.4 70.5 Hammond-Tooke, W.D. (1956). The Tribes of Umtata District (Ethnological Publications No. 35 ed.). The Government Printer, Pretoria: Union of South, Department of Native Affairs. Search this book on
  71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 Butholezwe Mtombeni (UNISA), Muzi Shoba (NMMU). "King Shaka ka Senzangakhona: The Great Military Genius and Nation Builder" (PDF). E-Journal of Humanities, Arts and Social Sciences (EHASS): 1342.
  72. ↑ 72.0 72.1 Landau, Paul S. (2010). Popular Politics in the History of South Africa, 1400-1948 (PDF). New York: Cambridge university Press. pp. 35, 73, 84, 130. ISBN 978 0 511 75024 3. Search this book on
  73. ↑ 73.0 73.1 73.2 Carolyn Hamilton and John Wright (30 March 2026). "Rethinking the Political Order in the KwaZulu-Natal Region in the Eighteenth and Early Nineteenth Centuries: Fluidity, Mobility, and Flexibility" (PDF). Cambridge University Press. pp. 2, 15, .
  74. ↑ 74.0 74.1 74.2 74.3 Tisani (PhD), Nomathamsanqa Cynthia (2000). Continuity and Change in Xhosa Historiography during the nineteenth century: An exploration through textual analysis (PDF). Rhodes University. pp. 112, 113, 168, 188, 248, 259. Search this book on
  75. ↑ 75.0 75.1 75.2 75.3 Wright, J.B (1991). The Mfecane Aftermath. University of Natal. pp. 8, 213–240. Search this book on
  76. ↑ Mofuoa, Khali Victor. "The Exemplary Ethical Leadership of King Moshoeshoe of Basotho of Lesotho in the Nineteenth Century Southern Africa". Macrothink Institute: Journal of Public Administration and Governance. 5 (23, 32).
  77. ↑ Mcetywa, S.A.M (PhD) (2001). The interaction of African traditional religio-medical practice and western healing methods (PDF). University of Durban-Westville. pp. 13, 105. Search this book on
  78. ↑ Drew, Allison (2007). Between Empire and Revolution: A Life of Sidney Bunting, 1873-1936 (PDF). Pickering & Chatto. p. 169. ISBN 9781851968930. Search this book on
  79. ↑ 79.0 79.1 Cory, Sir George Cory (1852). The Rise of South Africa. Natal: Native Commission. pp. 7, 157, 163, 164, 165, 166, 196, 218, 393, 415, 420, 439, 450, . Search this book on
  80. ↑ Stapleton, Timothy J. (2006). Faku Rulership and Colonialism in the Mpondo Kingdom (c.1780-1829). Wilfrid Laurier University Press. p. 11. ISBN 9780889205970. Search this book on
  81. ↑ 81.0 81.1 81.2 81.3 Peires, Jeffrey Brian (1976). A History of the Xhosa (c 1700 - 1835) (PDF). Rhodes University. pp. 16, 22, 32, 51, 52, 60, 62, 66, 72, 82, 83, 86, 195–197. Search this book on
  82. ↑ 82.0 82.1 Sihele, E G (2010). Who are Abathembu and where do they come from? (PDF). Rhodes University. pp. 38, 39, 40, 41, 43, 44, 48. Search this book on
  83. ↑ Cobbing, Julian (March 5, 1984). "The Case Against the Mfecane". University of Witwatersrand, African Institute.
  84. ↑ "Transformation in Southern Africa Timeline 1700-1800". South African History Online. 24 November 2011.
  85. ↑ 85.0 85.1 Ajayi, J.F. Ade (1989). General History of Africa: Africa in the nineteenth century until the 1880s (PDF). Paris, France: United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organizaition (UNESCO). p. 136. Search this book on
  86. ↑ Wright, John (2010). Turbulent Times: Political transformations in the north and east, 1760s–1830s (PDF). Cambridge University Press. p. 244. Search this book on
  87. ↑ Cobbing, Julian (1988). The Journal of African History (Volume 29 , Issue 3 ed.). Cambridge University Press. Search this book on
  88. ↑ Qwabi, Ayabonga. "A Hundred Years of War in the Eastern Cape". AmaQithi.
  89. ↑ ANC Eastern Cape (April 4, 2021). "ANC EC Mourns Passing Away of Cde Ncwadi Christopher Tunyiswa".
  90. ↑ Moyer, R.A (1973). History of the Mfengu: Evidence of Jacob Tunyiswa. Institute of Commonwealth Studies. p. 605. Search this book on
  91. ↑ Imvo Zabantsundu (Native Opinion). "Imvo Zabantsundu (Native Opinion), November 14, 1898" (PDF). Imvo Zabantsundu.
  92. ↑ Imvo Zabantsundu (Native Opinion). "Imvo Zabantsundu (Native Opinion) August 12,1897".
  93. ↑ Isigidimi sama-Xosa (February 2, 1885). "Ukububa Kuka Tunyiswa Ndungane". Isigidimi sama-Xosa 1885-02-02.
  94. ↑ Imvo Neliso Lomzi (June 25, 1896). "Impendulo ka " Lessey."" (PDF). Imvo Neliso Lomzi.
  95. ↑ Mchlauli, Henry (1999). The Africanization of the Methodist Church: with Special Focus on the Revs. Zaccheus R Mahabane and Seth Mokitimi (PDF). Cape Town: University of Cape Town. p. 103. Search this book on
  96. ↑ Imvo Zabantsundu (Native Opinion), May 2, 1885 (PDF). King William's Town: Imvo Zabantsundu (Native Opinion). 1885. Search this book on
  97. ↑ Imvo Zabantsundu (Native Opinion) (September 12, 1894). Imvo Zabantsundu (Native Opinion), September 12, 1894 (PDF). Imvo Zabantsundu (Native Opinion).CS1 maint: Date and year (link) Search this book on
  98. ↑ Isigidimi SamaXosa (1997). Isigidimi SamaXosa, March 1, 1887. Isigidimi SamaXosa. Search this book on
  99. ↑ 99.0 99.1 99.2 Imvo Zabantsundu (Native Opinion). "Imvo Zabantsundu (Native Opinion) June 36, 1890" (PDF). University of Cape Town, Emandulo.
  100. ↑ 100.0 100.1 "Imvo Zabantsundu (Native Opinion), January 14, 1894" (PDF). Imvo Zabantsundu (Native Opinion). January 14, 1894. p. 2.
  101. ↑ 101.0 101.1 101.2 101.3 101.4 Odendaal, Andre (September 18, 2024). "Two hundred years of indigenous literature in South Africa". AOSIS: New Contree.
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  104. ↑ 104.0 104.1 104.2 Yacoob (PhD), Abba Omar (2017). Sovereignty and National Identity in the Postcolonial World (PDF). Johannesburg: University of Witwatersrand. p. 179. Search this book on
  105. ↑ 105.0 105.1 Tunyiswa, Jonathan (May 1, 1885). "Imvo Zabantsundu (Native Opinion)" (PDF). Ukungahambi Kwemfundo. p. 3.
  106. ↑ 106.0 106.1 Journal of African History,, Elizabeth (Elizabeth). "Procedure as politics in the cape colony: the career of Andrew Gontshi, 1880 - 1904" (PDF). Journal of African History. 61 (3): 411, 413, 420, 424. Check date values in: |date= (help)
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  108. ↑ 108.0 108.1 108.2 Cory Library Image Collection (January 2, 1906). "Inter-State Native Congress, 1906".
  109. ↑ William Beinart & Colin Bundy. "The Eastern Cape and East London: African Protest and the Historical Context of Bloody Sunday 1952". Journal of Southern African Studies. 49: 827.
  110. ↑ Kuper, Hilda (1970). A Witch in My Heart (PDF). London, United Kingdom: Oxford University Press - London, International African Institute. pp. vii. Search this book on
  111. ↑ Scully, W.C (1909). Fragments of native history.: The Amahlubi and the Amangwane (PDF). The State: The Organ of Closer Union, a South African National Magazine. pp. 284, 434, 595. Search this book on
  112. ↑ 112.0 112.1 112.2 112.3 University of South Africa, Digital Library (September 19, 1976). "Opening of Okhahlamba High School and Tshanibezwe high school". University of South Africa.
  113. ↑ Kwazulu-Natal Department of Social Development (August 27, 2021). "Arrest Those Who Want GBV Cases to be Withdrawn - MEC Khoza" (PDF). Department of Social Development, Republic of South Africa. Retrieved July 21, 2026.
  114. ↑ Grout, Rev. Lewis (1893). The IsiZulu: Grammar of the Zulu Language (PDF). London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co., Ltd. pp. 53, 56, 61, 62, 70, 71. Search this book on
  115. ↑ Rudolph, C.J (1949). A Guide for the Zulu Court Interpreter (PDF). Pietermaritzburg: Shuter & Shooter. p. 61. Search this book on
  116. ↑ Nadine Appelhans, Carmel Rawhani, Marie Huchzermeyer, Basirat Oyalowo, and Mfaniseni Fana Sihlongonyane, Avhatakali Sithagu (2025). Everyday Urban Practices in Africa Disrupting Global Norms (PDF). Routledge/Taylor & Francis Group. p. 181.CS1 maint: Multiple names: authors list (link) Search this book on
  117. ↑ Zwane, Celani Lucky. "The Morphological Analysis of Zulu Clan Names" (PDF). English Linguistics Research: 46.
  118. ↑ Raum, O. F. (1973). The Social Functions of Avoidances and Taboos Among the Zulu (PDF). Walter De Gruyter. p. 44. Search this book on
  119. ↑ Buthelezi (PhD), Mbongiseni (2012). Sifuna Umlando Wethu [We are Looking for our History: Oral Literature and the Meanings of the Past]. New York: Columbia University. p. 22. Search this book on
  120. ↑ Ndlovu (PhD), Sifiso Mxolisi (2001). The Changing African Perceptions of King Dingane in Historical Literature: A Case Study in the Construction of Historical knowledge in 19th and 20th Century South African History (PDF). Johannesburg: University of the Witwatersrand. p. 136. Search this book on
  121. ↑ Ngema, Vusabantu. "Hermeneutic Analysis: Making Sense of Symbolic Expressions in Izibongo of King Shaka". University of South Africa: Southern African Journal for Folklore Studie. 30 (1): 16.
  122. ↑ Ndlovu, H.L (March 1, 2014). "Towards a National Policy on Collaboration Between the Modern and Traditional Health Systems in Swaziland" (PDF). University of Swaziland: UNISWA Research Journal: 18.
  123. ↑ Kumalo, R.S (2013). Religion & Politics in Swaziland (PDF). Sun Media Bloemfontein (Pty) Ltd. pp. 56, 165, . Search this book on
  124. ↑ Fuze, Magema Magwaza (1922). Abantu Abamnyama [The Black People and Whence They Came: A Zulu View] (in Zulu). University of Natal Press and Killie Campbell Africana Library. pp. iv (4).CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link) Search this book on
  125. ↑ Ritter, E.A (1955). Shaka Zulu: The Rise of the Zulu Empire (PDF). Book Club Associates. p. 249. Search this book on
  126. ↑ Masilela, Ntongela (October 27, 1908). The Collected Poems of S.E.K Mqhayi (PDF). Izwi Labantu. pp. 13, 35.CS1 maint: Date and year (link) Search this book on
  127. ↑ Mqhayi, S.E.K (1927). Imihobe Nemibongo Yokufundwa Ezikolweni [Xosa Poetry for Schools] (PDF). Western Cape: The Sheldon Press. pp. 25, 35, 75. Search this book on
  128. ↑ 128.0 128.1 128.2 Office of the Municipal Managers IDP / Development Planning Unit. "2020/21 Umfolozi Integrated Development Plan (IDP)-Final 4th IDP for the 4th Generation" (PDF). Umfolozi Municipality, Republic of South Africa. Retrieved July 21, 2026.
  129. ↑ 129.0 129.1 129.2 Compton, Patrick (December 13, 2011). "Berg World Heritage Site to get bigger". The Witness.
  130. ↑ 130.0 130.1 130.2 The Office of the Municipal Manager: IDP Unit. "DRAFT INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT PLAN 2017/2018" (PDF). Uthekela District Municipality.
  131. ↑ Howard Lamar and Leonard Thompson (1981). The frontier in history: North America and southern Africa compared. New Haven and London: Yale University Press. Search this book on
  132. ↑ Staff Reporter (September 4, 1998). "ANC losing ground in rural KZN". Mail & Guardian.
  133. ↑ Gwala, Mafika Pascal (1973). Black Review 1973 (PDF). Durban, South Africa: Black Community Programmes. p. 171. ISBN 086975 037 2. Search this book on
  134. ↑ 134.0 134.1 Nxumalo, J. A. W. Uzwelonke kaNkosiyakithi, Kamanqondo WakwaNdwandwe [Zwelonke of Nkosiyakithi of Manqondo of Ndwandwe] (PDF) (in Xhosa). Dundee, KwaZulu Natal: Shuter and Shooter Pietermaritzburg. p. 7.CS1 maint: Unrecognized language (link) Search this book on


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