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Russia investigation origins counter-narrative

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This article is part of
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The Russia investigation origins counter-narrative or Russia counter-narrative[1] is a right-wing alternative narrative,[2][3] sometimes identified as a conspiracy theory,[4][5][6][7][8] concerning the origins of the Special Counsel investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections.

Donald Trump had long expressed that the findings of the United States Intelligence Community and the Mueller Report that the Russian government had interfered in the 2016 election to benefit him had undermined the legitimacy of his election as president.[9][10] Republicans speculated that the Mueller inquiry stemmed from a plot by members of the Obama Administration and career intelligence officials - the so-called "deep state" - to undermine Trump.[11] He attacked the Russia investigation over 1,100 times by February 2019, claiming that it was fabricated as an excuse for Hillary Clinton losing the Electoral College in 2016, that it was an "illegal hoax", and that the FBI had refused to investigate the "real collusion" between the Democrats and Russia.[12] Conservatives have tried from the outset to delegitimize the investigation.[5] On April 2, 2019, Trump personally urged investigation into the origins of the Mueller investigation.[13][14] Some former law enforcement officials have joined Democrats in expressing concern that this is an abuse of the Department of Justice to chase unfounded conspiracy theories and undermine the findings of the Mueller report.[15][16]

The counter-narrative, promoted via conservative outlets such as National Review and The Federalist,[17] serves to erode interest among conservatives in the reality of Russian interference in the 2016 election.[1]

The theory[edit]

According to the Trump administration, the Russia investigation should never have happened in the first place[18] as it was a plot by law enforcement and intelligence officials to prevent Trump from winning the 2016 election, and to frustrate his "America First" agenda once elected.[19][20] Trump rejects the conclusion of US intelligence agencies that Russie interfered int her 2016 election, suggesting instead that hostile American officials may have planted false information that led to the Russia inquiry.[21]

Core elements of the theory include:[22]

  • Exaggeration of the role of the Steele dossier in triggering the investigation,[23] the accusation that it was fraudulent, was paid for by the Democratic Party, and that this was not disclosed to the FISA court in wiretap applications (despite documentary evidence to the contrary).[24] Conservatives also question the FBI's assessment of the credibility of Christopher Steele, a former British intelligence officer who ran the MI6 Russia desk from 2006-2009;[19]
  • That there was improper surveillance of the Trump campaign (the spygate conspiracy theory)[25] - a "FISA abuse" narrative,[26] notably involving Susan Rice;[1]
  • That the FBI and other institutions are "dangerously biased" against Trump (the deep state conspiracy theory),[27] that Robert S. Mueller III's investigation was run by "13 [or 18] angry Democrats" and that Mueller was "highly conflicted", a claim debunked by Trump's own aides,[18] and the investigation was part of an "attempted coup", based on private texts sent by Peter Strzok expressing opposition to a Trump presidency and speculation over removal of Trump under the 25th Amendment following his firing of James Comey;[22]
  • That anti-Trump forces inside the FBI actually entrapped his advisers, and may have even planted evidence of Russian collusion.[28]

More recently, the narrative has expanded to include the fiction that Joseph Mifsud was not a Russian asset, but was a Western intelligence agent used as a counterintelligence trap for the Trump campaign,[29] and elements of the Ukrainian corruption conspiracy theory; it posits that Ukraine, not Russia, was responsible for election interference. US Attorney General William Barr has reportedly traveled in person to Italy (twice) and to the United Kingdom to try to build support for this claim.[30][24] Italian Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte contradicted this, stating that Italy had "played no role in the events leading to the Russia investigation".[21]

Notable proponents[edit]

The most notable proponent is Donald Trump himself. Following the May 2018 disclosure that FBI informant Stefan Halper had spoken with Trump campaign aides Carter Page, George Papadopoulos, and Sam Clovis, Trump advanced a conspiracy theory dubbed as Spygate, which claimed that the previous administration under Barack Obama paid to plant a spy inside Trump's 2016 presidential campaign to assist his rival, Hillary Clinton, win the 2016 US presidential election.[31][32] With no actual supporting evidence produced, Trump's allegations were widely described as blatantly false.[31][33][34][35] Trump's allegations prompted the US Justice Department (DoJ) and the FBI to provide a classified briefing regarding Halper to several Congressmen, including Republicans Trey Gowdy and Paul Ryan, who concluded that the FBI did not do anything improper, and that Russia, not Trump, was the target of the FBI.[36][37]

In June 2018, Trump claimed that a report by DoJ Inspector General Michael E. Horowitz "totally exonerates" him and that "the Mueller investigation has been totally discredited", despite the report having nothing to do with the special counsel investigation, the Trump campaign or Russia. The report was instead focused on the FBI's 2016 investigation of the Hillary Clinton email controversy.[38][39][40][41]

Sean Hannity, a strong supporter of Trump, a vocal and persistent critic of the Mueller investigation on his Fox News television show and syndicated radio program, described Mueller as "corrupt, abusively biased and political."[42] Hannity had asserted that the investigation arose from an elaborate, corrupt scheme involving Hillary Clinton; the Steele dossier, which he asserts is completely false although parts of it have been reported as verified;[43] former DoJ officials James Comey, Andrew McCabe, Bruce Ohr, and others; and a wiretap on former Trump aide Carter Page that Hannity asserted was obtained by misrepresentations to the United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court, characterizing the wiretap as an abuse of power that is "far bigger than Watergate" and "the weaponizing of those powerful tools of intelligence and the shredding of our Fourth Amendment, constitutional rights."[42]

Jeanine Pirro, a long-time friend of Trump,[44] described Mueller, FBI Director Christopher Wray (a Trump appointee), former FBI Director James Comey and other current/former FBI officials as a "criminal cabal,"[45] saying "There is a cleansing needed in our FBI and Department of Justice—it needs to be cleansed of individuals who should not just be fired, but who need to be taken out in cuffs."[46]

Durham inquiry[edit]

In May 2019, US Attorney General William Barr appointed John Durham, the U.S. attorney in the District of Connecticut, to oversee a DoJ probe into the origins of the FBI investigation into Russian interference.[47] The origins of the probe were already being investigated by the DoJ inspector general and by U.S. Attorney John W. Huber, who was appointed in 2018 by Jeff Sessions.[47] This caused some controversy internationally and prompted questions about potential abuse of power by the administration.[48]

The investigation has been described as an "inquiry into its own Russia investigation",[49]</ref> "investigating the investigators" of the Russian meddling in the 2016 elections,[4][50] and a cover-up to protect Trump.[51][52]

On May 23, 2019, Trump ordered the intelligence community to cooperate with the inquiry and granted Barr unprecedented[53] full authority to declassify any intelligence information related to the matter.[54][55][56][57] DoJ investigators, led by John Durham, planned to interview senior Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) officers to determine how they concluded in 2016 that Russian president Vladimir Putin had personally authorized election interference to benefit candidate Trump.[58] The New York Times reported in July 2018 that the CIA had long nurtured a Russian source who eventually rose to a position close to Putin, allowing the source to pass key information in 2016 about Putin's direct involvement.[59] In parallel, Trump and his allies – most notably Trump's personal attorney Rudy Giuliani — promoted an alternative narrative that the Ukrainian government had interfered to benefit Hillary Clinton, in coordination with Democrats, the digital forensics company CrowdStrike and the FBI, alleging the Russian government had been framed.[60] Trump falsely asserted that CrowdStrike, an American company, was actually owned by a wealthy Ukrainian oligarch.[10]

In September 2019 it was reported that Barr has been contacting foreign governments to ask for help in this inquiry, related to the Ukrainian corruption conspiracy theory. He personally traveled to the United Kingdom and Italy to seek information, and at Barr's request Trump phoned the prime minister of Australia to request his cooperation.[61] The Wall Street Journal reported in October 2019 that Barr faced a backlash from Britain, Australia and Italy by circumventing normal intelligence channels to speak directly with political leaders.[62] Barr sought information related to a conspiracy theory that Joseph Mifsud was a Western intelligence operative who allegedly entrapped Trump campaign advisor George Papadopoulos in order to establish a false predicate for the FBI to open an investigation into Russian interference in the 2016 United States elections, that had circulated among Trump allies in conservative media.

That FBI investigation was initiated after the Australian government notified American authorities that its diplomat Alexander Downer had a chance encounter with Papadopoulos, who boasted about possible access to Hillary Clinton emails supposedly held by the Russian government.[63] On 2 October 2019, Senator Lindsey Graham, a staunch Trump supporter and chairman of the Senate Judiciary Committee, wrote a letter to the leaders of Britain, Australia and Italy, asserting as fact that both Mifsud and Downer had been directed to contact Papadopoulos. Joe Hockey, the Australian ambassador to the United States, sharply rejected Graham's characterization of Downer.[64][65] A former Italian government official told The Washington Post in October 2019 that during a meeting the previous month, Italian intelligence services told Barr they had "no connections, no activities, no interference" in the matter; Italian prime minister Giuseppe Conte later affirmed this.[66][67] American law enforcement believes Mifsud is connected to Russian intelligence.[68][69][70][71][72][73]

By October 2019 it was reported that Barr and Durham's investigators were, in addition to pressing foreign intelligence officials for help in discrediting the 2016 inquiry,[74][8][75] also asking about the route by which information had reached the FBI, and interviewing agents involved in the 2016 inquiry.[19][76][11] Durham also inquired about whether CIA officials had tricked the FBI into opening its 2016 investigation. Politico quoted FBI officials who were dismissive of such an assertion.[77] Although the CIA and FBI directors shared intelligence about the matters in August 2016, former government officials said the FBI did not use CIA information to open its investigation the previous month.[49] Papadopoulos had previously asserted that Mifsud was "an Italian intelligence asset who the CIA weaponized" against him. Former CIA director John Brennan, a frequent Trump critic, had been singled out for suspicion by Trump and his allies, as well as former director of national intelligence James Clapper, as supposed members of a "deep state" that allegedly sought to undermine Trump.[78][79]

On October 24, 2019 The New York Times and The Washington Post reported that Durham's inquiry had been elevated to a criminal investigation, raising concerns of politicization of the Justice Department to pursue political enemies of the President.[49][80]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Kilgore, Ed. "Susan Rice Becomes the Face of the Trump Counter-Narrative on Russia".Kilgore, Ed. "Susan Rice Becomes the Face of the Trump Counter-Narrative on Russia".
  2. ↑ "Why is Barr investigating origins of Russia Probe? - CNN Video". Retrieved 2019-10-21.
  3. ↑ Walsh, David A. (2018-07-15). "How the right-wing convinces itself that liberals are evil". Washington Monthly. July/August 2018. ISSN 0043-0633. Retrieved 2019-10-21.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Sullivan, Andy (October 2, 2019). "Explainer: Barr gives top priority to investigating the investigators of Russian meddling". Reuters. Retrieved October 21, 2019.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Zapotosky, Matt; Dawsey, Josh. "Barr's review of Russia investigation wins Trump's favor. Those facing scrutiny suspect he's chasing conspiracy theories". Retrieved 2019-10-21.
  6. ↑ "Republicans Use Mueller's Silence to Push Conspiracy Theories". Retrieved 2019-10-20.
  7. ↑ "Trump promotes conspiracy theory: Clinton's deleted emails are in Ukraine". Retrieved 2019-10-20.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Ward, Alex (2019-09-30). "The right-wing conspiracy theories behind Trump and Barr's outreach to foreign leaders". Retrieved 2019-10-21.
  9. ↑ "Mueller finds no conspiracy, but report shows Trump welcomed Russian help". Los Angeles Times. 2019-04-18. Retrieved 2019-10-21.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 Shane, Scott (October 3, 2019). "How a Fringe Theory About Ukraine Took Root in the White House". The New York Times.
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "AG Barr expands mysterious review into origin of Russia investigation". Retrieved 2019-10-21.
  12. ↑ Buchanan, Larry; Yourish, Karen (2019-02-19). "Trump Has Publicly Attacked the Russia Investigation More Than 1,100 Times". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-10-23.
  13. ↑ "Trump repeatedly fails in attempt to say 'origins' then claims noise from wind farms causes cancer". 2019-04-03. Retrieved 2019-10-20.
  14. ↑ "Trump asks journalists to look into the 'oranges' of the Mueller investigation – video". The Guardian. 2019-04-03. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2019-10-20.
  15. ↑ agencies (2019-10-25). "Justice department opens criminal inquiry into origins of Russia investigation – report". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2019-10-25. Missing |Authors list1= (help)staff, Guardian; agencies (2019-10-25). "Justice department opens criminal inquiry into origins of Russia investigation – report". The Guardian. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2019-10-25.
  16. ↑ Benner, Katie; Goldman, Adam (October 24, 2019). "Justice Dept. Is Said to Shift to Criminal Inquiry of Russia Investigation's Origins". The New York Times.
  17. ↑ Gregory, Paul Roderick. "Is Russiagate Really Hillarygate?". Forbes.
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "AP FACT CHECK: Trump, AG spread untruths on Mueller Report". 2019-04-22. Retrieved 2019-10-23.
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 Goldman, Adam; Rashbaum, William K. (2019-10-19). "Review of Russia Inquiry Grows as F.B.I. Witnesses Are Questioned". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-10-23.
  20. ↑ "It's a sideshow — we both must focus on Indo-Pacific — United States Studies Centre". ussc.edu.au. Retrieved 2019-10-23."It's a sideshow — we both must focus on Indo-Pacific — United States Studies Centre". ussc.edu.au. Retrieved 2019-10-23.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Momigliano, Anna (2019-10-23). "Italy Did Not Fuel U.S. Suspicion of Russian Meddling, Prime Minister Says". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-10-25.
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Bump, Philip. "The Deep State strikes back: Former FBI leaders rebut questions about the Russia investigation". Analysis. Retrieved 2019-10-23.
  23. ↑ Rupar, Aaron (2019-03-22). "Fox News has normalized a lie about the origins of the Russia investigation". Retrieved 2019-10-23.Rupar, Aaron (2019-03-22). "Fox News has normalized a lie about the origins of the Russia investigation". Retrieved 2019-10-23.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Blake, Aaron. "Barr's probing of Australia, Britain and Italy suggests a conspiracy focus". Washington Post. Retrieved 2019-10-23.
  25. ↑ "Seething over Russia probe, Trump tears into 'spygate'". 2018-05-24. Retrieved 2019-10-23.
  26. ↑ "The Russia Investigations: Is 'FISA Abuse' Out Of Steam? Intel Committees On Edge?". Retrieved 2019-10-23.
  27. ↑ Fandos, Nicholas (2017-12-30). "Republican Attacks on Mueller and F.B.I. Open New Rift in G.O.P." The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-10-23.
  28. ↑ Nast, Condé. "Trump's Fear of a Deep State Coup Has Become Full-Blown Hysteria". Retrieved 2019-10-23.
  29. ↑ Goldman, Adam (2019-10-06). "Italy's Connection to the Russia Investigation, Explained". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2019-10-23.
  30. ↑ "Italy's Spy Chief Met Twice With Barr to Aid Inquiry: Repubblica". Retrieved 2019-10-24.
  31. ↑ 31.0 31.1 Beauchamp, Zack. ""Spygate," the false allegation that the FBI had a spy in the Trump campaign, explained". Vox. Archived from the original on 28 May 2018. Retrieved 2 June 2018. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  32. ↑ Tatum, Sophie. "Carter Page: I 'never found anything unusual' in conversations with FBI source". CNN. Archived from the original on 23 May 2018. Retrieved 2 June 2018. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  33. ↑ Davis, Julie; Haberman, Maggie. "With 'Spygate,' Trump Shows How He Uses Conspiracy Theories to Erode Trust". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 28 May 2018. Retrieved 29 May 2018. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  34. ↑ Bump, Philip. "There is no evidence for 'Spygate' — but there is a reason Trump invented it". The Washington Post. Archived from the original on 3 June 2018. Retrieved 1 June 2018. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  35. ↑ Darcy, James. "'Spygate' is just latest Trump lie: Darcy cartoon". cleveland.com. Archived from the original on 31 May 2018. Retrieved 2 June 2018. Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  36. ↑ Foran, Clare. "Gowdy says FBI 'did exactly what my fellow citizens would want them to do' in Russia investigation". CNN. Retrieved May 30, 2018.
  37. ↑ Demirjian, Karoun; DeBonis, Mike. "Paul Ryan splits with Trump, says 'no evidence' FBI spied on president's campaign". The Washington Post. Retrieved 7 June 2018.
  38. ↑ Greenberg, Jon; Jacobson, Louis; McCarthy, Bill; Sherman, Amy. "Fact-checking Donald Trump's interviews with Fox and Friends, reporters on the White House lawn". Politifact. Retrieved June 18, 2018.
  39. ↑ Naylor, Brian. "Trump Weighs In On IG Report, North Korea, Immigration In Impromptu News Conference". NPR. Retrieved June 18, 2018.
  40. ↑ Higgins, Tucker. "Trump says Clinton email report 'totally exonerates me' — but that's not true". CNBC. Retrieved June 18, 2018.
  41. ↑ Stracqualursi, Veronica. "Trump: IG report 'destroys' ex-FBI Director Comey". CNN. Retrieved June 18, 2018.
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 Bowden, John (January 18, 2018). "Hannity tells Mueller: 'Your witch hunt is now over'". The Hill. Retrieved February 24, 2018.
  43. ↑ Sciutto, Jim; Perez, Evan. "US investigators corroborate some aspects of the Russia dossier". CNN. Retrieved February 24, 2018.
  44. ↑ Grynbaum, Michael M. (December 22, 2017). "Jeanine Pirro of Fox News Helps an Old Friend: President Trump". The New York Times. Retrieved February 25, 2018.
  45. ↑ Hains, Tim (December 17, 2017). "Pirro Doubles Down: Andrew McCabe Is "Consigliere" Of The FBI "Criminal Cabal"". Real Clear Politics. Retrieved February 25, 2018.
  46. ↑ Tesfaye, Sophia (December 10, 2017). ""It's time to take them out in cuffs": Fox News' Jeanine Pirro calls for a purge of the FBI". Salon. Retrieved February 25, 2018.
  47. ↑ 47.0 47.1 Balsamo, Michael (May 14, 2019). "AP source: Barr launches new look at origins of Russia probe". Associated Press. Retrieved September 29, 2019.
  48. ↑ "Subscribe to read". Retrieved 2019-10-21.
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 Benner, Katie; Goldman, Adam (October 24, 2019). "Justice Dept. Is Said to Open Criminal Inquiry Into Its Own Russia Investigation". The New York Times. Retrieved 25 October 2019.
  50. ↑ Berenson, Tessa (October 4, 2019). "Meet John Durham, The Man Tasked With 'Investigating the Investigators'". Time. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  51. ↑ Willis, Jay (September 27, 2019). "How Bill Barr Turned the Justice Department Into a Cover-up Operation". GQ. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  52. ↑ Walters, Greg (September 25, 2019). "Trump's Ukraine Scandal Is Also Attorney General Bill Barr's Scandal". Vice. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  53. ↑ Alexandra Hutzler On 5/24/19 at 2:42 PM EDT (2019-05-24). "Legal experts accuse Donald Trump and William Barr of engaging in a "corrupt act of political retribution"". Retrieved 2019-10-20.
  54. ↑ Haberman, Maggie; Schmidt, Michael S. (2019-05-23). "Trump Gives Attorney General Sweeping Power in Review of 2016 Campaign Inquiry". The New York Times. Retrieved 2019-10-21.
  55. ↑ Riechmann, Deb (May 24, 2019). "Critics worry AG will reveal Russia probe info to help Trump". Associated Press. Retrieved September 29, 2019.
  56. ↑ Bertr, Natasha (May 24, 2019). "Trump puts DOJ on crash course with intelligence agencies". Politico. Retrieved September 29, 2019.
  57. ↑ Harris, Shane (May 24, 2019). "Barr could expose secrets, politicize intelligence with review of Russia probe, current and former officials fear". Washington Post.
  58. ↑ Barnes, Julian E.; Benner, Katie; Goldman, Adam; Schmidt, Michael S. (June 12, 2019). "Justice Dept. Seeks to Question C.I.A. in Its Own Russia Investigation". The New York Times.
  59. ↑ Sanger, David E.; Rosenberg, Matthew (July 18, 2018). "From the Start, Trump Has Muddied a Clear Message: Putin Interfered". The New York Times.
  60. ↑ Stolberg, Sheryl Gay; Haberman, Maggie; Baker, Peter (September 29, 2019). "Trump Was Repeatedly Warned That Ukraine Conspiracy Theory Was 'Completely Debunked'". The New York Times.
  61. ↑ Prokop, Andrew (30 September 2019). "Trump and Barr have been urging foreign governments to help them investigate the Mueller probe's origins". Vox. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
  62. ↑ Viswanatha, Aruna; Gurman, Sadie; Legorano, Giovanni. "Barr's Requests for Foreign Help Prompt Backlash in Australia, Italy, U.K." The Wall Street Journal. Retrieved October 9, 2019.
  63. ↑ Mazzetti, Mark; Benner, Katie (September 30, 2019). "Trump Pressed Australian Leader to Help Barr Investigate Mueller Inquiry's Origins". The New York Times.
  64. ↑ Mazzetti, Mark; Goldman, Adam; Benner, Katie (2019-10-06). "Barr and a Top Prosecutor Cast a Wide Net in Reviewing the Russia Inquiry". The New York Times. Retrieved 2019-10-21.
  65. ↑ https://www.judiciary.senate.gov/imo/media/doc/LOG%20to%20Australia%20Italy%20UK.pdf
  66. ↑ Zapotosky, Matt; Dawsey, Josh; Harris, Shane; Helderman, Rosalind S. (6 October 2019). "Barr's review of Russia investigation wins Trump's favor. Those facing scrutiny suspect he's chasing conspiracy theories". washingtonpost.com.
  67. ↑ Momigliano, Anna (October 23, 2019). "Italy Did Not Fuel U.S. Suspicion of Russian Meddling, Prime Minister Says". The New York Times.
  68. ↑ Mazzetti, Mark; Benner, Katie (30 September 2019). "Trump Pressed Australian Leader to Help Barr Investigate Mueller Inquiry's Origins". The New York Times.
  69. ↑ Horowitz, Jason (2 October 2019). "First Barr, Now Pompeo: Italy Is Hub of Impeachment Intrigue for Trump Officials". The New York Times.
  70. ↑ Nast, Condé. "Republicans Use Mueller's Silence to Push Conspiracy Theories". Vanity Fair.
  71. ↑ Giuffrida, Angela (2 October 2019). "US attorney general 'met Italian officials to discuss Russiagate'". The Guardian.
  72. ↑ Bump, Philip (1 October 2019). "Analysis | Government-by-conspiracy-theory rides again". washingtonpost.com.
  73. ↑ Helderman, Rosalind S. "'The enigma of the entire Mueller probe': Focus on origins of Russian investigation puts spotlight on Maltese professor". Washington Post.
  74. ↑ Sandler, Rachel. "Trump Reportedly Asked Australian Prime Minister For Help Investigating Mueller Inquiry Origins". Retrieved 2019-10-21.
  75. ↑ Barrett, Devlin; Harris, Shane; Zapotosky, Matt; Post, The Washington (2019-10-01). "Barr personally asked foreign officials to aid inquiry into CIA, FBI activities in 2016". Retrieved 2019-10-21.
  76. ↑ "Investigation into Trump-Russia probe continues to grow". Retrieved 2019-10-21.
  77. ↑ "Trump's quest for vengeance against John Brennan". POLITICO.
  78. ↑ Benner, Katie; Goldman, Adam (October 24, 2019). "Justice Dept. Is Said to Open Criminal Inquiry Into Its Own Russia Investigation". The New York Times.
  79. ↑ Helderman, Rosalind; Harris, Shane; Nakashima, Ellen (June 30, 2019). "'The enigma of the entire Mueller probe': Focus on origins of Russian investigation puts spotlight on Maltese professor". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 25, 2019.
  80. ↑ Zapotosky, Matt (October 24, 2019). "Justice Dept. investigation of Russia probe is criminal in nature, person familiar with case says". The Washington Post. Retrieved October 26, 2019.

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