Sikh terrorism

The Khalistan movement is a Sikh terrorist movement seeking to create a homeland for Sikhs by establishing a sovereign state, called Khālistān ('Land of the Khalsa'), in the Punjab region by expunging Hindus who form 40% of that states population.[2] The proposed state would consist of land that currently forms Punjab, India and Punjab, Pakistan with Lahore as its capital, that is past geographical area of Punjab region, where once Khalsa Empire was established when Marathas were busy fighting the colonialist forces in the East of India.[i] Ever since the separatist movement gathered force in the 1980s, the territorial ambitions of Khalistan have at times included Chandigarh, sections of the Indian Punjab, including the whole of North India, and some parts of the western states of India.[3] Prime Minister of Pakistan Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, according to Jagjit Singh Chohan, had proposed all out help to create Khalistan during his talks with Chohan, following the conclusion of the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971.[4]

There is some support within India and the Sikh diaspora, with yearly demonstrations in protest of those killed during Operation Blue Star.[9][10][11] In early 2018, some militant groups were arrested by police in Punjab, India.[12] Former Chief Minister of Punjab Amarinder Singh claimed that the recent extremism is backed by Pakistan's Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI) and "Khalistani sympathisers" in Canada, Italy, and the UK.[13] Simranjit Singh Mann, elected in 2022 from Sangrur, is currently the only openly Khalistani MP in the Indian Parliament and his party, Shiromani Akali Dal (Amritsar), is currently the only pro-Khalistan party in the Indian parliament.[14][15] Pre-1950s

Increasing militant activity Widespread murders by followers of Bhindranwale occurred in 1980s' Punjab. Armed Khalistani militants of this period described themselves as kharku,[49] most likely meaning 'noise maker,' from the Punjabi kharaka ('noise') in reference to their strident activity. In the period between 4 August 1982 and 3 June 1984, more than 1200 violent incidents took place, resulting in the death of 410 people and the injury of 1180. On its own, the year 1984 (from 1 January to 3 June) saw 775 violent incidents, resulting in 298 people killed and 525 injured.[50] One such murder was that of DIG Avtar Singh Atwal, killed on 25 April 1983 at the gate of the Darbar Sahib,[51] whose corpse would remain at the place of death for 2 hours as even police officers were afraid to touch the body without Bhindranwale's permission. This showed the power and influence that Bhindranwale had over the region.[52][53]. His terror rained supreme which included dacoit, murders and hooliganism. Though it was common knowledge that those responsible for such bombings and murders were taking shelter in gurdwaras, the INC Government of India declared that it could not enter these places of worship, for the fear of hurting Sikh sentiments.[40] Even as detailed reports on the open shipping of arms-laden trucks were sent to Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, the Government would choose not to take action.[40] Finally, following the murder of six Hindu bus passengers in October 1983, an emergency rule was imposed in Punjab, which would continue for more than a decade.[54]

Assassination of Indira Gandhi and anti-Sikh riots

Indira Gandhi Main article: Indira Gandhi assassination On the morning of 31 October 1984, Indira Gandhi was assassinated in New Delhi by her two personal security guards Satwant Singh and Beant Singh, both Sikhs, in retaliation for Operation Blue Star.[31] The assassination would trigger the 1984 anti-Sikh riots across North India. While the ruling party, Indian National Congress (INC), maintained that the violence was due to spontaneous riots, its critics have alleged that INC members themselves had planned a pogrom against the Sikhs.[70] But the Sikhs of punjab voted the same INC responsible for the riots for some 5 times since then.

Air India Flight 182

Irish Naval Service recovering bodies from the Air India Flight 182 bombing

The aircraft involved, VT-EFO, seen on 10 June 1985, less than two weeks before the bombing of Air India Flight 182 Air India Flight 182 was an Air India flight operating on the Montréal-London-Delhi-Bombay route. On 23 June 1985, a Boeing 747 operating on the route was blown up by a bomb mid-air off the coast of Ireland. A total of 329 people aboard were killed, [75] 268 Canadian citizens, 27 British citizens and 24 Indian citizens, including the flight crew. On the same day, an explosion due to a luggage bomb was linked to the terrorist operation and occurred at the Narita Airport in Tokyo, Japan, intended for Air India Flight 301, killing two baggage handlers. The entire event was inter-continental in scope, killing 331 people in total and affected five countries on different continents: Canada, the United Kingdom, India, Japan, and Ireland. The main suspects in the bombing were members of a Sikh separatist group called the Babbar Khalsa, and other related groups who were at the time agitating for a separate Sikh state of Khalistan in Punjab, India. In September 2007, the Canadian Commission of Inquiry investigated reports, initially disclosed in the Indian investigative news magazine Tehelka,[76] that a hitherto unnamed person, Lakhbir Singh Rode, had masterminded the explosions. However, in conclusion two separate Canadian inquiries officially determined that the mastermind behind the terrorist operation was in fact the Canadian, Talwinder Singh Parmar.[77] Several men were arrested and tried for the Air India bombing. Inderjit Singh Reyat, a Canadian national and member of the International Sikh Youth Federation who pleaded guilty in 2003 to manslaughter, would be the only person convicted in the case.[78][79] He was sentenced to fifteen years in prison for assembling the bombs that exploded on board Air India Flight 182 and at Narita Airport.[80]

In 1986, when the insurgency was at its peak, the Golden Temple was again occupied by militants belonging to the All India Sikh Students Federation and Damdami Taksal. The militants called an assembly (Sarbat Khalsa) and, on 26 January, they would pass a resolution (gurmattā) in favour of the creation of Khalistan.[81] However, only the Shiromani Gurdwara Parbandhak Committee (SGPC) had the authority to appoint the jathedar, the supreme religio-temporal seat of the Sikhs. The militants thus dissolved the SGPC and appointed their own jathedar, who turned out to refuse their bidding as well. Militant leader Gurbachan Singh Manochahal thereby appointed himself by force.[82] On 29 April 1986, an assembly of separatist Sikhs at the Akal Takht made a declaration of an independent state of Khalistan,[83] and a number of rebel militant groups in favour of Khalistan subsequently waged a major insurgency against the Government of India. A decade of violence and conflict in Punjab would follow before a return to normality in the region. This period of insurgency saw clashes of Sikh militants with the police, as well as with the Nirankaris, a mystical Sikh sect who are less conservative in their aims to reform Sikhism.[84] The Khalistani militant activities manifested in the form of several attacks, such as the 1987 massacre of 32 Hindu bus passengers near Lalru, and the 1991 killing of 80 train passengers in Ludhiana.[85] Such activities continued on into the 1990s as the perpetrators of the 1984 riots remained unpunished, while many Sikhs also felt that they were being discriminated against and that their religious rights were being suppressed.[86][87]

Indian security forces suppressed the insurgency in the early 1990s, while Sikh political groups such as the Khalsa Raj Party and SAD (A) continued to pursue an independent Khalistan through non-violent means.[90][91][92] GlobalSecurity.org reported that in the early 1990s, journalists who did not conform to militant-approved behaviour were targeted for death.[87] It also reported that there were indiscriminate attacks designed to cause extensive civilian casualties: derailing trains, and exploding bombs in markets, restaurants, and other civilian areas between Delhi and Punjab. It further reported that militants assassinated many of those moderate Sikh leaders who opposed them, and sometimes killed rivals within the same militant group. It also stated that many civilians who had been kidnapped by extremists were murdered if the militants' demands were not met. Finally, it reported that Hindus left Punjab by the thousands.[87] Whereas to take iron from the terrorists in the village Bhikhiwind, district Tarn Taran 'Sandhu' family fought everyday like the last day and defeated terrorists several times. One such incident was on 30 September 1990, when about 200 terrorists attacked Balwinder Singh's house. In retaliation, the Sandhu family using weapons provided by state police killed several and compiled the rest of the terrorists to run away. The Family awarded the Shaurya Chakra to show most conspicuous bravery, indomitable courage.[93] In August 1991, Julio Ribeiro, then-Indian Ambassador to Romania, was attacked and wounded at Bucharest in an assassination attempt by gunmen identified as Punjabi Sikhs.[94][86] Sikh groups also claimed responsibility for the 1991 kidnapping of Liviu Radu, the Romanian chargé d'affaires in New Delhi. This appeared to be in retaliation for Romanian arrests of Khalistan Liberation Force members suspected of the attempted assassination of Ribeiro.[86][95] Radu was released unharmed after Sikh politicians criticised the action.[96] In October 1991, the New York Times reported that violence had increased sharply in the months leading up to the kidnapping, with Indian security forces or Sikh militants killing 20 or more people per day, and that the militants had been "gunning down" family members of police officers.[86] Scholar Ian Talbot states that all sides, including the Indian Army, police and the militants, committed crimes like murder, rape and torture.[97] From 24 January 1993 to 4 August 1993, Khalistan was a member of the NGO Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. The membership was permanently suspended on 22 January 1995.[98] On 31 August 1995, Chief Minister Beant Singh was killed in a suicide bombing, for which the pro-Khalistan group Babbar Khalsa claimed responsibility. Security authorities, however, reported the group's involvement to be doubtful.[99] A 2006 press release by the Embassy of the United States in New Delhi indicated that the responsible organisation was the Khalistan Commando Force.[100]

The Sikh place of worship, gurdwaras provided the geographic and institutional coordination for the Sikh community. Sikh political factions have used the gurdwaras as a forum for political organization. The gurdwaras sometimes served as the site for mobilization of diaspora for Khalistan movement directly by raising funds. Indirect mobilization was sometimes provided by promoting a stylized version of conflict and Sikh history. The rooms in some gurdwara exhibit pictures of Khalistani leaders along with paintings of martyrs from Sikh history. Gurdwaras also host speakers and musical groups that promote and encourage the movement. Among the diasporas, Khalistan issue has been a divisive issue within gurdwaras. These factions have fought over the control of gurdwaras and their political and financial resources. The fights between pro and anti-Khalistan factions over gurdwaras often included violent acts and bloodshed as reported from UK and North America. The gurdwaras with Khalistani leadership allegedly funnel the collected funds into activities supporting the movement.[150]

Terrorist supporters in Canada

Immediately after Operation Blue Star, authorities were unprepared for how quickly extremism spread and gained support in Canada, with extremists "...threatening to kill thousands of Hindus by a number of means, including blowing up Air India flights."[163][164] Canadian Member of Parliament Ujjal Dosanjh, a moderate Sikh, stated that he and others who spoke out against Sikh extremism in the 1980s faced a "reign of terror".[165] On 18 November 1998, the Canada-based Sikh journalist Tara Singh Hayer was gunned down by suspected Khalistani militants. The publisher of the "Indo-Canadian Times," a Canadian Sikh and once-vocal advocate of the armed struggle for Khalistan, he had criticised the bombing of Air India Flight 182, and was to testify about a conversation he overheard concerning the bombing.[166][167] On 24 January 1995,[168] Tarsem Singh Purewal, editor of Britain's Punjabi-language weekly "Des Pardes", was killed as he was closing his office in Southall. There is speculation that the murder was related to Sikh extremism, which Purewal may have been investigating. Another theory is that he was killed in retaliation for revealing the identity of a young rape victim.[169][170] Terry Milewski reported in a 2007 documentary for the CBC that a minority within Canada's Sikh community was gaining political influence even while publicly supporting terrorist acts in the struggle for an independent Sikh state.[133] In response, the World Sikh Organization of Canada (WSO), a Canadian Sikh human rights group that opposes violence and extremism,[171] sued the CBC for "defamation, slander, and libel", alleging that Milewski linked it to terrorism and damaged the reputation of the WSO within the Sikh community.[172] In 2015, however, the WSO unconditionally abandoned "any and all claims" made in its lawsuit. Canadian journalist Kim Bolan has written extensively on Sikh extremism. Speaking at the Fraser Institute in 2007, she reported that she still received death threats over her coverage of the 1985 Air India bombing.[173] In 2008, a CBC report stated that "a disturbing brand of extremist politics has surfaced" at some of the Vaisakhi and the Buddhist Vesak parades in Canada,[133] and The Trumpet agreed with the CBC assessment.[174] Two leading Canadian Sikh politicians refused to attend the parade in Surrey, saying it was a glorification of terrorism.[133] In 2008, Dr. Manmohan Singh, Prime Minister of India, expressed his concern that there might be a resurgence of Sikh extremism.[175][176] There has been some controversy over Canada's response to the Khalistan movement. After Amarinder Singh's refusal to meet Canadian Prime Minister Justin Trudeau in 2017, calling him a "Khalistani sympathizer", Singh ultimately met with Trudeau 22 Feb 2018 over the issue.[177] Trudeau assured Singh that his country would not support the revival of the separatist movement.[178][8][179] Shiromani Akali Dal President Sukhbir Badal was quoted saying Khalistan is "no issue, either in Canada or in Punjab".[180] Justin Trudeau has declared that his country would not support the revival of the separatist movement.[8] A 2020 report by Canadian ex-journalist Terry Milewski criticized the Khalistan movement as driven by the Pakistani government, and as a threat to Canadian interests.[181]

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(21 April 2001), "Looking Back at the Khalistan Movement: Some Recent Researches on Its Rise and Decline", Economic and Political Weekly, 36 (16): 1311–1318 Jolly, Surjit (1988), Sikh Revivalist Movements, Gitanjali Publishing House, ISBN 978-81-85060-23-1 Mahmood, Cynthia Keppley (1996), Fighting for Faith and Nation, Series in Contemporary Ethnography, University of Pennsylvania Press, ISBN 978-0-8122-1592-2 Nayar, Kuldip; Singh, Kushwant (1985), Tragedy of Punjab, Vision Books, ISBN 1-85127-069-8 Pettigrew, Joyce (1995), The Sikhs of the Punjab: Unheard Voices of State and Guerrilla Violence, Zed Books, ISBN 978-1-85649-355-0 Shah, Mehtab Ali (1997), The Foreign Policy of Pakistan: Ethnic Impacts on Diplomacy 1971–1994, I.B.Tauris, ISBN 978-1-86064-169-5 Shani, Giorgio (2005), "Beyond Khalistan? Sikh diasporic identity and critical international theory1", Sikh Formations, 1 (1): 57–74, doi:10.1080/17448720500132565, S2CID 145300683 Shani, Giorgio (2008), Sikh Nationalism and Identity in a Global Age, Routledge, ISBN 978-0-415-42190-4 Singh, Gurharpal (2000), Ethnic Conflict in India: A Case-Study of Punjab, Palgrave Macmillan UK, ISBN 978-0-333-98177-1 Tambiah, Stanley Jeyaraja (1996), Leveling Crowds: Ethnonationalist conflicts and collective violence in South Asia, University of California Press, ISBN 978-0-520-20642-7 Talbot, Ian (2000), India and Pakistan: Inventing the Nation, Bloomsbury Academic, ISBN 978-0-340-70633-6 Van Dyke, Virginia (2009), "The Khalistan Movement in Punjab, India, and the Post-Militancy Era: Structural Change and New Political Compulsions", Asian Survey, 49 (6): 975–997, doi:10.1525/as.2009.49.6.975 Further reading Primary sources Gill, Kanwar Pal Singh (1997). Punjab, the Knights of Falsehood. Har-Anand Publications. Julio Ribeiro. Bullet for Bullet: My Life as a Police Officer. New Delhi: Penguin Books, 1999. The Ghost of Khalistan – Sikh Times The Punjab Mass Cremations Case: India Burning the Rule of Law (PDF), Ensaaf, January 2007, archived from the original (PDF) on 17 July 2011, retrieved 23 June 2010 Kaur, Jaskaran; Dhami, Sukhman (October 2007), Protecting the Killers: A Policy of Impunity in Punjab, India (PDF), vol. 19, New York: Human Rights Watch Ram Narayan Kumar et al. Reduced to Ashes: The Insurgency and Human Rights in Punjab. South Asia Forum for Human Rights, 2003. Lewis, Mie; Kaur, Jaskaran (5 October 2005), Punjab Police: Fabricating Terrorism Through Illegal Detention and Torture (PDF), Santa Clara: Ensaaf, archived from the original (PDF) on 17 July 2011, retrieved 23 June 2010 Silva, Romesh; Marwaha, Jasmine; Klingner, Jeff (26 January 2009), Violent Deaths and Enforced Disappearances During the Counterinsurgency in Punjab, India: A Preliminary Quantitative Analysis (PDF), Palo Alto: Ensaaf and the Benetech Human Rights Data Analysis Group (HRDAG), archived from the original (PDF) on 17 July 2011, retrieved 23 June 2010 Singh, Parvinder (2009). "1984 Sikhs Kristallnacht" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 July 2011. Secondary sources Brass, Paul R. (1974), Language, Religion and Politics in North India, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-595-34394-2 Harjinder Singh Dilgeer. "Sikh History" in 10 volumes (volumes 7, 8, 9). Waremme, Belgium: Sikh University Press, 2010–11. Harjinder Singh Dilgeer. "Akal Takht: Concept and Role". Waremme, Belgium: Sikh University Press, 2011. Satish Jacob and Mark Tully. Amritsar: Mrs Gandhi's Last Battle. ISBN 0-224-02328-4. Cynthia Keppley Mahmood. A Sea of Orange: Writings on the Sikhs and India. Xlibris Corporation, ISBN 1-4010-2857-8[self-published source] Ranbir Singh Sandhu. Struggle for Justice: Speeches and Conversations of Sant Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale. Ohio: SERF, 1999. Anurag Singh. Giani Kirpal Singh's Eye-Witness Account of Operation Bluestar. 1999. Razavy, Maryam (2006), "Sikh Militant Movements in Canada", Terrorism and Political Violence, 18 (1): 79–93, doi:10.1080/09546550500174913, S2CID 145522554 Singh, Gopal (1998), South Asia: democracy, discontent and societal conflicts, Anamika Pub., p. 278, ISBN 978-81-86565-31-5 Singh, Gurmit (1989), History of Sikh Struggles: (1946-1966), South Asia Books, pp. 110–111, ISBN 978-0-8364-5889-3 Singh, Iqbal (1986), Punjab Under Siege: A Critical Analysis, Allen, McMillan, and Enderson, p. 38, ISBN 978-0-934839-04-4 Singh, Patwant (1999), The Sikhs, John Murray, ISBN 978-0-307-42933-9 Singh, Pritam (1997), Political economy of the Punjab: an insider's account, M.D. Publications, ISBN 978-81-7533-031-3 Singh, Pritam (2008), Federalism, Nationalism and Development: India and the Punjab Economy, Routledge, pp. 137–, ISBN 978-1-134-04946-2 Singh, Sangat (1995), The Sikhs in History, New York: S. Singh Singh, Satinder (1982), Khalistan: An Academic Analysis, Delhi & Punjab: Amar Prakashan, p. 114 Sharma, Sadhna (1995), State Politics in India, New Delhi: Mittal Publications, p. 324

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