Sino-Tibetan and Tai peoples of Assam
| Languages | |
|---|---|
| Assamese · Bodo · others | |
| Religion | |
| Buddhism · Ba-Thou · Hinduism · Christianity | |
| Related ethnic groups | |
| Sino-Tibetan-speaking peoples, Tai peoples, Bodo–Kachari peoples |
The Sino-Tibetan and Tai people of Assam are the different groups of people who migrated from East Asia and Southeast Asia into the Brahmaputra Valley during the ancient and medieval period. Today, they represent a major portion of the population of Assam and have made a strong impact on the social, cultural and political aspects of the state.
History[edit]
There were several waves of migration of Sino-Tibetan and Tai people into Assam.
Prehistoric[edit]
The ancestors of the Sino-Tibetan speakers are thought to have lived in the upper-middle Yellow River basin about 10,000 – 5,000 years ago and developed one of the earliest Neolithic cultures in East Asia.[2] In Northeast India, Tibeto-Burman expansion throughout Brahmaputra Valley is associated with the patrilinial lineage of O-M134[4] which occurs at a high frequency of 85% in Kachari (Boro Kachari) peoples and 76.5% in Rabha peoples.[5][6]
Medieval[edit]
The second wave were the Tai speakers led by a Shan group called Tai-Ahom when Sukaphaa lead his group into Assam via the Pangsau pass in the Patkai from present-day South China. The Ahoms were followed by other Tai people who were Buddhists: Khamti, Khamyang, Aiton, Phake and Turung who settled in Upper Assam and Arunachal Pradesh.[citation needed]
State formation[edit]
Mleccha dynasty is a Tibeto-Burman dynasty which ruled almost the entire Brahmaputra Valley from 655-900.[7]
Varman and Pala dynasty are highly controversial. According to Sunit Kumar Chatterjee these two dynasties are also Tibeto-Burman. Hugh B. Urban (2011) too infers that the Varmans descended from non-Aryan tribes.[8]
During the medieval period, most of the state formations were done by the these people. The most prominent of them were the Ahom, Chutia, Kachari Kingdom and the Koch dynasty.
The Ahom kingdom was located in what is now Sivasagar district, Assam, and later on, it expanded to control the entire Assam valley. The Chutia had their center of power on the north bank of Brahmaputra in eastern Assam from Parshuram Kund in Arunachal Pradesh to Vishwanath in Sonitpur district of Assam. The Kachari rulers controlled the areas of south Assam, while the Koch dynasty held their power in present western Assam districts. Among other dynasties, Borahi and Moran had their vassal-chiefdoms in eastern Assam. Matak state was formed in the late 18th century. They are composed of various strata spread across entire eastern Assam.
Groups[edit]
This is a list of groups of Sino-Tibetan and Tai people living in Assam:
References[edit]
- ↑ Su, Bing; Xiao, Chunjie; Deka, Ranjan; Seielstad, Mark T.; Kangwanpong, Daoroong; Xiao, Junhua; Lu, Daru; Underhill, Peter; Cavalli-Sforza, Luca; Chakraborty, Ranajit; Jin, Li (2000-12-01). "Y chromosome haplotypes reveal prehistorical migrations to the Himalayas". Human Genetics. 107 (6): 582–590. doi:10.1007/s004390000406. ISSN 1432-1203. PMID 11153912. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Bing Su (2012): "Furthermore, the extremely high frequency of H8, a haplotype derived from M122C, in the Sino-Tibetan speaking populations in the Himalayas including Tibet and northeast India indicated a strong bottleneck effect that occurred during a westward and then southward migration of the founding population of Tibeto-Burmans. We, therefore, postulate that the ancient people, who livedin the upper-middle Yellow River basin about 10,000 years ago and developed one of the earliest Neolithic cultures in East Asia, were the ancestors of modern Sino-Tibetan populations."[1]
- ↑ Reddy, B. Mohan; Langstieh, B. T.; Kumar, Vikrant; Nagaraja, T.; Reddy, A. N. S.; Meka, Aruna; Reddy, A. G.; Thangaraj, K.; Singh, Lalji (2007-11-07). "Austro-Asiatic Tribes of Northeast India Provide Hitherto Missing Genetic Link between South and Southeast Asia". PLOS ONE. 2 (11): e1141. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001141. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 2065843. PMID 17989774.
- ↑ BM Reddy (2007): "The presence of O-M134 in high frequency among the Tibeto-Burman populations, both from India and East/southeast Asia, strongly suggests possibility of its correlation with the migration and spread of Tibeto-Burman populations into India."[3]
- ↑ Bing Su, Chunjie Xiao, Ranjan Deka, Mark T. Seielstad, Daoroong Kangwanpong, Junhua Xiao, Daru Lu, Peter Underhill, Luca Cavalli-Sforza, Ranajit Chakraborty, Li Jin, "Y chromosome haplotypes reveal prehistorical migrations to the Himalayas." Hum. Genet. (2000) 107:582-590. DOI 10.1007/s004390000406 https://www.researchgate.net/publication/225570045_Y_chromosome_haplotypes_reveal_prehistorical_migrations_to_the_Himalayas
- ↑ "Genetic variation of five blood polymorphisms in ten populations of Assam India (Kacharis (Boro Kacharis), Sonowals, Sutiyas, Karbis, Ahoms etc.)".
- ↑ "Virtually all of Assam's kings, from the fourth-century Varmans down to the eighteenth-century Ahoms, came from non-Aryan Tibeto-Burman tribes that were only gradually Sanskritised." (Urban 2011, p. 234)
- ↑ "Virtually all of Assam's kings, from the fourth-century Varmans down to the eighteenth-century Ahoms, came from non-Aryan tribes that were only gradually Sanskritised." (Urban 2011, p. 234)
Bibliography[edit]
- Su, Bing; Xiao, Chunjie; Deka, Ranjan; Seielstad, Mark; Kangwanpong, Daoroong; Xiao, Junhua; Lu, Daru; Underhill, Peter; Cavalli-Sforza, Luca; Chakraborty, Ranajit; Jin, Li (2012). "Y chromosome haplotypes reveal prehistorical migrations to the Himalayas". Human Genetics. 107 (6): 582–590. doi:10.1007/s004390000406. PMID 11153912. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - Reddy, B. M.; Langstieh, B.; Kumar, V.; Nagaraja, T.; Reddy, A.; Meka, A.; Reddy, A. G.; Thangaraj, K.; Singh, L. (2007). "Austro-Asiatic Tribes of Northeast India Provide Hitherto Missing Genetic Link between South and Southeast Asia". PLOS ONE. 2 (11): e1141. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0001141. PMC 2065843. PMID 17989774. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - Burling, Robbins (2013). "The Tibeto-Burman Languages of Northeastern India". In LaPollo, Randy J. Sino-Tibetan languages. Routledge. ISBN 9781135797171. Search this book on
- Choudhury, Sujit (2007). The Bodos: Emergence and Assertion of an ethnic minority. Shimla: Indian Institute of Advanced Study. ISBN 9788179860540. Search this book on
- DeLancey, Scott (2012). Hyslop, Gwendolyn; Morey, Stephen; w. Post, Mark, eds. "On the Origin of Bodo-Garo". Northeast Indian Linguistics. 4: 3–20. doi:10.1017/UPO9789382264521.003. ISBN 9789382264521.
- Endle, Sidney (1911). The Kacharis. London: Macmillan and Co. Retrieved February 20, 2013. Search this book on
- Jaquesson, François (2017). Translated by van Breugel, Seino. "The linguistic reconstruction of the past: The case of the Boro-Garo languages". Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 40 (1): 90–122. doi:10.1075/ltba.40.1.04van.
- Urban, Hugh B. (2011). "The Womb of Tantra: Goddesses, Tribals, and Kings in Assam". The Journal of Hindu Studies. 4 (3): 231–247. doi:10.1093/jhs/hir034.
[edit]
Sino-Tibetan branches | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Western Himalayas (Himachal, Uttarakhand, Nepal, Sikkim) |
|  | |||
| Eastern Himalayas (Tibet, Bhutan, Arunachal) | |||||
| Myanmar and Indo-Burmese border |
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| East and Southeast Asia |
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| Dubious (possible isolates) (Arunachal) |
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| Proposed groupings | |||||
| Proto-languages | |||||
Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches. | |||||
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