Stablised Zirconia
Stabilised zirconia is a material created by mixing zirconia with other oxides to stabilise it. Zirconia undergoes phase transformations at different temperatures, transitioning from a monoclinic phase at room temperature to a tetragonal phase at higher temperatures and to a cubic phase at even higher temperatures, causing volume changes.[1] These phase transformations make pure zirconia an unreliable material despite its outstanding properties. Hence, zirconia is stabilised by combining it with different oxides such as yttrium oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, aluminium oxide, and cerium oxide. In these the additional metallic atoms act as dopants in the zirconium lattice. Different dopants have different effects on the properties of zirconia.[2] For example, yttrium oxide maintains the tetragonal or cubic phase, enhancing fracture toughness (3Y-ZrO₂) and optical transparency (5Y-ZrO₂). Calcium oxide stabilises the cubic phase at high temperatures and improves thermal stability but may degrade in humid environments. Magnesium oxide increases thermal shock resistance and wear resistance, making it suitable for industrial applications.[3] Cerium oxide enhances fracture toughness and oxidation resistance, making it useful in biomedical and automotive applications. Aluminium oxide does not stabilise zirconia but improves hardness and wear resistance when co-doped. Each dopant influences zirconia’s mechanical, optical, and thermal properties differently, making it adaptable for applications such as dental materials, fuel cells, cutting tools, and structural ceramics.[4][5]
| Dopant | common usage | effects |
|---|---|---|
| Y₂O₃ (Yttria) | Dental ceramics, structural ceramics | Toughening (3Y), optical transparency (5Y, 8Y) |
| CaO (Calcia) | Refractories, heat-resistant ceramics | High-temperature stability |
| MgO (Magnesia) | Industrial applications | Wear & thermal shock resistance |
| CeO₂ (Ceria) | Biomedical, automotive | High fracture toughness |
| Sc₂O₃ (Scandia) | Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) | High ionic conductivity |
| Al₂O₃ (Alumina) | Co-doping for wear resistance | Increases hardness, refines grains |
References
- ↑ Kongkiatkamon, Suchada; Rokaya, Dinesh; Kengtanyakich, Santiphab; Peampring, Chaimongkon (2023-07-14). "Current classification of zirconia in dentistry: an updated review". PeerJ. 11: e15669. doi:10.7717/peerj.15669. ISSN 2167-8359. PMC 10351515 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 37465158 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Sun, Huijun; Tabrizian, Parinaz; Qambrani, Aqsa; Jargalsaikhan, Urangua; Sui, Tan; Ireland, Tony; Su, Bo (February 2024). "Bio-inspired nacre-like zirconia/PMMA composites for chairside CAD/CAM dental restorations". Dental Materials: Official Publication of the Academy of Dental Materials. 40 (2): 307–317. doi:10.1016/j.dental.2023.11.017. ISSN 1879-0097. PMID 38040580 Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Yusuf, Dedek; Maryani, Eneng; Mardhian, Deby Fajar; Noviyanti, Atiek Rostika (2023-08-14). "Evaluation of Structural Stability, Mechanical Properties, and Corrosion Resistance of Magnesia Partially Stabilized Zirconia (Mg-PSZ)". Molecules (Basel, Switzerland). 28 (16): 6054. doi:10.3390/molecules28166054. ISSN 1420-3049. PMC 10458790 Check
|pmc=value (help). PMID 37630306 Check|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Petriceanu, Mirela; Ioniță, Florentina Gabriela; Piticescu, Radu Robert; Nicoară, Adrian Ionuț; Matei, Alexandru Cristian; Ioța, Miruna Adriana; Tudor, Ioan Albert; Caramarin, Ștefania; Ciobota, Cristina Florentina (November 2024). "Effect of Doping ZrO2 on Structural and Thermal Properties". Inorganics. 12 (11): 290. doi:10.3390/inorganics12110290. ISSN 2304-6740.
- ↑ Ho, Chang-Ju; Tuan, Wei-Hsing (2011-05-01). "Phase stability and microstructure evolution of yttria-stabilized zirconia during firing in a reducing atmosphere". Ceramics International. 37 (4): 1401–1407. doi:10.1016/j.ceramint.2011.01.008. ISSN 0272-8842.
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