Superconducting gap

The superconducting gap is a fundamental concept in the field of superconductivity and condensed matter physics. It refers to the energy required to break a Cooper pair of electrons in a superconductor and create an excitation. This energy gap is directly related to the critical temperature of the superconductor and is essential for understanding the behavior of superconductors.

Theoretical background

The superconducting gap is a key prediction of the BCS theory (Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer theory), the microscopic theory of superconductivity. According to BCS theory, the superconducting gap represents the energy needed to break the Cooper pairs and excite electrons into the normal conducting state.

Measurement

The superconducting gap can be measured using various techniques, such as tunneling experiments and spectroscopic techniques. These measurements provide valuable insights into the properties of the superconductor.

Types

The nature of the superconducting gap can vary among different types of superconductors. For instance, in conventional s-wave superconductors, the gap is isotropic (same in all directions), while in unconventional superconductors like d-wave superconductors, the gap can be anisotropic (different in different directions).

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