Sustainable Development Goal 14 and Canada
The "Sustainable Development Goals 14 and Canada " explains strategies and the implementation that has been done in Canada about Sustainable Development Goal 14 (SDG 14): life below water, which is proposed by the United Nations in 2015. The full title of SDG 14 is “Conserve and sustainably use the oceans, seas and marine resources for sustainable development.”
Background
The publication of Moving Forward Together: Canada’s 2030 Agenda National Strategy is an important step and summary for Canada to realize the Sustainable Development Goals. Canada has received international recognition for its leadership on the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Prime Minister Justin Trudeau has also been named co-chair of the Sustainable Development Goals Advocates Group, along with Barbados Prime Minister Mia Amor Mottley.[1]
Monitoring and tracking
The Government of Canada monitors and tracks overall progress on the SDGs through the Canadian Indicators Framework (CIF). Statistics Canada is the central agency for reporting data on Canada's global Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) indicators and domestic indicators reported in Canada's Sustainable Development Goal Indicator Framework (CIF).[2]
Target and Indicators
Ambition one is ''Canada protects and conserves marine areas and sustainably manages ocean fish stocks'', and the relating Target ''Conserve 25% of Canada's oceans by 2025, working towards 30% by 2030''
Ambition two is '' Canada protects and conserves marine areas and sustainably manages ocean fish stocks'', and the target ''By 2023, major fish and invertebrate stocks are managed and harvested at levels considered to be sustainable, from a baseline of 96% in 2016.''
For SDG14, Canada has established two indicator frameworks: one is ''Proportion of marine and coastal areas conserved'', and the other ''Proportion of fish stocks that are sustainably harvested.''[3]
| Year | Marine area protected (square kilometres) | Percentage of marine area protected | Marine area conserved (square kilometres) | Percentage of marine area conserved |
| 1990 | 18455 | 0.32 | 20249 | 0.35 |
| 1991 | 18474 | 0.32 | 20268 | 0.35 |
| 1992 | 18898 | 0.33 | 20693 | 0.36 |
| 1993 | 19144 | 0.33 | 20938 | 0.36 |
| 1994 | 19148 | 0.33 | 20943 | 0.36 |
| 1995 | 20916 | 0.36 | 22711 | 0.39 |
| 1996 | 21777 | 0.38 | 23570 | 0.41 |
| 1997 | 21799 | 0.38 | 23593 | 0.41 |
| 1998 | 23781 | 0.41 | 25651 | 0.45 |
| 1999 | 24014 | 0.42 | 27974 | 0.49 |
| 2000 | 24112 | 0.42 | 28073 | 0.49 |
| 2001 | 24144 | 0.42 | 28105 | 0.49 |
| 2002 | 24347 | 0.42 | 28699 | 0.5 |
| 2003 | 27547 | 0.48 | 31914 | 0.56 |
| 2004 | 29946 | 0.52 | 34330 | 0.6 |
| 2005 | 31368 | 0.55 | 38559 | 0.67 |
| 2006 | 31719 | 0.55 | 38910 | 0.68 |
| 2007 | 31912 | 0.55 | 49525 | 0.86 |
| 2008 | 40790 | 0.71 | 58403 | 1 |
| 2009 | 41344 | 0.72 | 58957 | 1 |
| 2010 | 50532 | 0.88 | 68145 | 1.2 |
| 2011 | 50618 | 0.88 | 68231 | 1.2 |
| 2012 | 50620 | 0.88 | 68233 | 1.2 |
| 2013 | 51267 | 0.89 | 69617 | 1.2 |
| 2014 | 51268 | 0.89 | 69749 | 1.2 |
| 2015 | 52614 | 0.92 | 71121 | 1.2 |
| 2016 | 54971 | 0.96 | 82325 | 1.4 |
| 2017 | 168413 | 2.9 | 451116 | 7.9 |
| 2018 | 179871 | 3.1 | 462572 | 8 |
| 2019 | 511855 | 8.9 | 794558 | 13.8 |
| 2020 | 524306 | 9.1 | 798861 | 13.9 |
| 2021 | 524306 | 9.1 | 798861 | 13.9 |
Source: Canadian Protected and Conserved Areas Database.
Case study
The UN Convention on Biological Diversity, to which Canada is a signatory, states that 10% of coastal and marine areas will be protected through marine protected areas or other effective area-based conservation measures (OECMs) by 2020. A study of area closures in the Scotian Shelf in Atlantic Canada showed that long-term fleet closures are not effective in protecting and restoring severely depleted groundfish. OECMs as a tool for achieving SDG-14 still needs further definition of its criteria, design and methodology.[4]
There are other more critical area-based management tools that need further investigation and research as to whether they can contribute to the SDG-14 goals as effective OECM approaches.[5]
Challenge
Climate change, protecting places of remaining abundance, and recovering depleted populations and ecosystems will be a great challenge in rebuilding many components of marine life by 2050.[6]
There is a disconnect between the apparent progress shown by the indicators and their long-term sustainability. For example, short-term gains in reducing hunger or poverty can be undermined by poor ocean health, especially in countries that rely on fisheries or develop their blue economies.[7]
Marine plastic pollution also causes considerable damage to the oceans and poses a huge challenge to the achievement of the SDG14 target.[8]
References
- ↑ Canada, Employment and Social Development (2022-07-15). "Taking Action Together – Canada's 2021 Annual Report on the 2030 Agenda and the Sustainable Development Goals". www.canada.ca. Retrieved 2022-10-18.
- ↑ "Sustainable Development Goals Data Hub". www144.statcan.gc.ca. Retrieved 2022-10-18.
- ↑ "Canada Indicators For The Sustainable Development Goals". sdgcif-data-canada-oddcic-donnee.github.io. Retrieved 2022-10-18.
- ↑ Shackell, Nancy L.; Keith, David M.; Lotze, Heike K. (2021). "Challenges of Gauging the Impact of Area-Based Fishery Closures and OECMs: A Case Study Using Long-Standing Canadian Groundfish Closures". Frontiers in Marine Science. 8. doi:10.3389/fmars.2021.612859. ISSN 2296-7745.
- ↑ Reimer, Julie M.; Devillers, Rodolphe; Claudet, Joachim (2021). "Benefits and gaps in area-based management tools for the ocean Sustainable Development Goal". Nature Sustainability. 4 (4): 349–357. doi:10.1038/s41893-020-00659-2. ISSN 2398-9629. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Duarte, Carlos M.; Agusti, Susana; Barbier, Edward; Britten, Gregory L.; Castilla, Juan Carlos; Gattuso, Jean-Pierre; Fulweiler, Robinson W.; Hughes, Terry P.; Knowlton, Nancy; Lovelock, Catherine E.; Lotze, Heike K.; Predragovic, Milica; Poloczanska, Elvira; Roberts, Callum; Worm, Boris (2020-04-02). "Rebuilding marine life". Nature. 580 (7801): 39–51. Bibcode:2020Natur.580...39D. doi:10.1038/s41586-020-2146-7. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 32238939 Check
|pmid=value (help). Unknown parameter|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Nash, Kirsty L.; Blythe, Jessica L.; Cvitanovic, Christopher; Fulton, Elizabeth A.; Halpern, Benjamin S.; Milner-Gulland, E. J.; Addison, Prue F. E.; Pecl, Gretta T.; Watson, Reg A.; Blanchard, Julia L. (2020-02-21). "To Achieve a Sustainable Blue Future, Progress Assessments Must Include Interdependencies between the Sustainable Development Goals". One Earth. 2 (2): 161–173. Bibcode:2020OEart...2..161N. doi:10.1016/j.oneear.2020.01.008. ISSN 2590-3330. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Issifu, Ibrahim; Sumaila, U. Rashid (2020-11-20). "A Review of the Production, Recycling and Management of Marine Plastic Pollution". Journal of Marine Science and Engineering. 8 (11): 945. doi:10.3390/jmse8110945. ISSN 2077-1312.
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