Synthesis of nanoparticles using bacteria
SYNTHESIS OF NANOPARTICLES USING BACTERIA
Synthesis of nanoparticles using bacteria is a green synthesis technique which can be carried out intra-cellularly or extracellularly.[1][2] Bacteria are a good available option for the synthesis of nanoparticles due to their numerous species and hence their variety. An added advantage is the fact they can thrive in various types of habitats and hence also extreme environmental conditions.[3]
History:
The name "Nano" comes from the Greek word "dwarf," which meaning "one billionth." Prof. Norio Taniguchi of Tokyo Science University invented the term "nanotechnology" in 1974 to describe the precision fabrication of materials with nanoscale tolerances, and Drexler unintentionally adopted it in his 1986 book "Engines of Creation: The Coming Era of Nanotechnology."[4]
Introduction:
Nanobiotechnology is concerned with nanoscale structures and materials with dimensions ranging from a few nanometers to fewer than 100 nanometers. Since they exhibit high surface-to-volume ratio, nanoparticles have distinct and significantly altered chemical, physical, and biological characteristics when compared to bulk of the same chemical composition. Biosensors and catalysts, as well as electrometers, computer transistors, chemical sensors, optics, wireless electronic logic and memory systems and antimicrobial activity, all benefit from the size and shape-dependent features of NPs. Medical imaging, nanocomposites, filtration, medication delivery, and tumor hyperthermia are just a few of the uses for these particles.[5][6]
Green Synthesis:
Metallic nanoparticles may be synthesized using a number of chemical and physical methods. These technologies, on the other hand, have a number of drawbacks, including the use of toxic solvents, the formation of toxic by-products, and high-power consumption. As a result, developing environmentally friendly processes for the manufacture of metallic nanoparticles is critical. Exploiting nature's diverse biological resources is one viable way to attain this goal. Plants, algae, fungus, bacteria, and viruses have all been utilized in the creation of cheaper, energy-efficient, and safe metallic nanoparticles in recent years and this is known as green synthesis.[1][4]
Methods: Green synthesis is usually carried out in the following 2 ways:
1) Bio-reduction
Is a technique that involves using microorganisms and their enzymes to chemically reduce metal ions to a physiologically stable state. The metal nanostructures that arise are stable and inert, allowing them to be safely removed from contaminated materials.[7]
2) Biosorption
Is a unique nanoparticle production technology in which metal cations in aqueous media are allowed to connect with an organism's cell wall, resulting in the formation of stable nanoparticles owing to the interaction of the cell wall with protein peptides.[7]
Bacterial Synthesis Mechanism:
Nanoparticle synthesis such as of gold, silver, platinum, palladium and so on can take place using bacterial enzymes and the production being either intracellular or extracellular.[2]
Extracellular biosynthesis occurs outside the bacterial cell utilizing a variety of approaches, including (a) the use of bacterial biomass, (b) the use of bacterial culture supernatant, and (c) the use of cell free extracts.[2]
Due to the intricacy of cell components and activities, defining the method of creation for intracellular synthesis can be more difficult. Various studies, however, suggest that the cells absorb metallic ions, which are then reduced by the cell's proteins and enzymes to produce nanoparticles.[8]
Ion channels, active transport, endocytosis, and lipid membrane penetration all allow metal ions to enter the bacterial cell. Trapping, bio reduction, and capping of different nanoparticles are all part of the intracellular manufacturing process. Enzyme secretion, bio reduction, and particle capping are all elements of extracellular synthesis.[9][10]
It's possible that more than one biological component is involved in nanoparticle biosynthesis. The reducing agent nitrate reductase is thought to play a key role in the transition of metals into nanoparticles. Enzymatic reduction through electron transport is the process of reducing the number of metal ions, particularly silver. Metallic Liquid flame spray requires cofactors such as NADH in NADH-dependent nitrate reductase enzymes. According to some researchers, the increase in pH is directly related to the metal ion and protons competing for the negatively charged binding site.[11][12]
It has been demonstrated that peptides and specific amino acids have a role in the microbial synthesis of silver nanoparticles. Peptides reacted with metallic ion nuclei in the silver ion solution, reducing accessibility around metal nanoclusters.[13] Peptides comprising the amino acids cysteine, methionine, arginine, and lysine can bind to the surface of the nucleus and be used to make silver nanoparticles. Tyrosine, an amino acid, works as a reducing agent under alkaline circumstances. This is owing to the fact that tyrosine's phenolic group can be transformed to a quinone group.[14] Furthermore, oligopeptides containing tyrosine at the free N-terminus stabilize nanoparticles and aid metal recovery. These findings support the theory that tyrosine is important for in situ reduction.[15]
Methodology:
1) Bacteria of choice is selected depending on its characteristics and habitat.
For example, Pseudomonas stuzeri Ag259 is usually found in silver mines and can be used to produce silver nanoparticles as these bacteria can accumulate high concentration of silver nanoparticles and yield nanoparticles intracellularly.[16]
2) The metal salt of interest of which we want to obtain nanoparticles is added.
In the above mentioned situation we would add silver nitrate salts.
3) The bacterial isolates along with metallic salts are cultured and isolated on specific media as in the above stated example would be Pseudomonas cetrimide and nalidixic acid agar or Lysogeny Broth.
4) Various parameters such as pH of the media, temperature, concentration of metal salt, reaction time are monitored and maintained to ensure nanoparticle synthesis of desired size and shape.
5) Usually by observing color change we can notice the production of nanoparticles in the media. Re-confirmation of the same is carried out using UV-Vis spectroscopy.
6) The nanoparticles are then harvested using centrifugation, washing the samples with deionized water and further downstream processing for purification is carried out.
7) Characterization of the same to determine the shape and size of the nanoparticle is carried out using X-ray diffraction, FTIR, Scanning electron microscope, Transmission electron microscope, Zeta potential and so on.
8) The nanoparticles are now further studied for various applications. (Silver nanoparticles are known to show anti-bacterial activity and his is studies by measuring zone of inhibition)
Gold nanoparticles:
Bacteria such as Acinetobacter, Klebsiella pneumonia, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Caldicellulosiruptor changbaiensis, Shewanella loihica, Micrococcus yunnanensis, Mycobacterium sp., Halomonas salina amongst several others are produce gold nanoparticles ranging from 2-100nm in size and in shapes that could be spherical, triangular or polyhedral.[17][18][19]
Silver nanoparticles:
Silver nanoparticles can be produced extracellularly by Streptomyces sp. 09 PBT 005, Deinococcus radiodurans, Sporosarcina koreensis DC4, Microbacterium resistens, Lactococcus lactis, Bacillus sp., and intracellularly by Staphylococcus epidermidis, Acetobacter xylinum NCIM2526, Lyngbya majuscula, Halococcus salifodinae, Brevibacterium casei amongst over 20 known bacteria having various shapes and spanning over a large size range.[20]
Copper nanoparticles:
M.psychrotolerans, Pseudomonas stutzeri, Streptomyces sp, Escherichia coli, Serratia and many more are used for bacterial copper nanoparticle synthesis that vary oversize and shape.[21]
Advantages:
The need for a dependable and environmentally friendly method of synthesizing such nanoparticles is growing. Toxic chemicals and high temperatures are used in current chemical and physical processes, which are not only harmful to the environment but also expensive. Alternative methods of synthesizing nanoparticles have been studied by a number of groups, as listed here. Biological systems have been studied in an attempt to develop a process of synthesis that is both sustainable and resource efficient. Many different biological chassis have been investigated for their potential to produce metallic nanoparticles while resisting the harmful effects of metal ions. In comparison to other biological systems such as fungus or plants, bacteria are comparatively inexpensive to cultivate and have a rapid development rate. They have an edge over plants and fungi as the chassis of choice for near-term bio-production of nanoparticles that require optimised synthesis through genetic engineering due to their ease of manipulation.[citation needed] Bacteria have a lot of potential when it comes to nanoparticle manufacturing. They have quick generation times and are genetically simple to modify. The avoidance of severe pH and temperature settings is a distinguishing advantage of biological synthesis versus chemical processes. Molecules like enzymes, which are well described in their roles as oxidoreductases, meet large energy needs for metallic reduction.[citation needed]
Disadvantages:
Possible dangers and biocompatibility of metal nanoparticles vary greatly even within the same taxonomic species of microorganism; however, it is difficult to identify the exact mechanism of biocompatibility or cytotoxic action of metal nanoparticles because they can differ drastically even within the same class of nanomaterials.[22] The optimal sizes and dosages of metal nanoparticles have been demonstrated, as well as their structural and functional effects. Metal nanoparticles can impact the activity of numerous enzymes, including membrane-bound enzymes, determined by the size and concentration of metal cations. Due to their small size, nanoparticles may be able to infiltrate human organs and tissues, circumventing the typical biological barrier.[23]Metal nanoparticles provide an indirect threat because of their cytogenotoxicity, propensity to produce inflammation, and ability to cause oxidative stress at the cell level. The in vitro safety of metal nanoparticles should be determined, followed by in vivo toxicological trials that involve screening for genotoxicity, mutagenicity, biocompatibility, and bioavailability by identifying the genetic, biochemical, and cytological markers of the organization's biological potential.
Finally, important impediments to the movement of nanoparticles depending on the use of nanoparticles from laboratory to commercial scale include mass production, leaching, poisoning/toxicity, regeneration, reuse, and manufacturing costs, as well as process optimization.[24]
Uses:
Nanoparticles have two primary basic features that make them advantageous for medication delivery. First, nanoparticles may pass through smaller capillaries and be taken up by cells, allowing for efficient drug accumulation at the target areas due to their small size. Second, using biodegradable materials for nanoparticle manufacturing allows for long-term drug release within the target region over days or weeks. Nanoparticles are significant for a variety of reasons, not just pharmaceuticals. Nanotechnology has the potential to transform a wide range of electrical products, processes, and applications. Nano diodes, nano transistors, OLED, plasma displays, quantum computers, and many more sectors benefit from the ongoing development of nanotechnology in electronic devices. Nanotechnology has the potential to assist the energy sector. Batteries, fuel cells, and solar cells, for example, can be made smaller while yet being more effective thanks to this technology. Manufacturing, which will require materials such as aerogels, nanotubes, nano particles, and other similar items to make their products, is another area that can profit from nanotechnology. These materials are typically more durable, stronger, and lighter than those created without the use of nanotechnology. There are a few more advantages to nanoparticles in terms of manufacturing and drug delivery. Nanoparticles are quite simple to make, which is why they are utilized in drugs to target specific areas. Nanoparticles penetrate microscopic capillaries and are taken up by cells, allowing for effective medication accumulation at target areas throughout the body. Nanoparticles in drug delivery provide excellent size control and protection for the encapsulated substance. The clearance time of a medication that is retained at the active site is longer. Nanoparticles improved therapeutic efficacy while also increasing bioavailability. They improved drug stability by reducing fed/fasted variability. Non-nanoparticulate dosage forms of drugs that are either unstable or have unacceptably low bioavailability are stable dosage forms.[4][25]
Future Prospect:
The development of a dependable and environmentally acceptable approach for synthesis of metallic nanoparticles is a vital necessity in the field of nanotechnology. Natural resources, such as biological systems, must be used to achieve this. The synthesis of inorganic materials by biological systems is characterized by processes that take place at temperatures and pressures close to ambient, as well as at pH neutral. Bacteria are one of the easiest biological systems to modify genetically. However, bacteria's biological systems are relatively unexplored, and there are several chances for aspiring nano biotechnologists to exploit biological systems to synthesize metallic nanoparticles. Crucially, having a nonpathogenic microbial system that produces metallic nanoparticles would be useful for commercialization.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Thakkar, Kaushik N.; Mhatre, Snehit S.; Parikh, Rasesh Y. (2010-04-01). "Biological synthesis of metallic nanoparticles". Nanomedicine: Nanotechnology, Biology and Medicine. 6 (2): 257–262. doi:10.1016/j.nano.2009.07.002. ISSN 1549-9634. PMID 19616126.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Ovais, Muhammad; Khalil, Ali Talha; Ayaz, Muhammad; Ahmad, Irshad; Nethi, Susheel Kumar; Mukherjee, Sudip (December 2018). "Biosynthesis of Metal Nanoparticles via Microbial Enzymes: A Mechanistic Approach". International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 19 (12): 4100. doi:10.3390/ijms19124100. ISSN 1422-0067. PMC 6321641. PMID 30567324.
- ↑ Tsekhmistrenko, S. I.; Bityutskyy, V. S.; Tsekhmistrenko, O. S.; Horalskyi, L. P.; Tymoshok, N. O.; Spivak, M. Y. (2020-03-02). "Bacterial synthesis of nanoparticles: A green approach". Biosystems Diversity. 28 (1): 9–17. doi:10.15421/012002. ISSN 2520-2529. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Parveen, Khadeeja; Banse, Viktoria; Ledwani, Lalita (2016-04-13). "Green synthesis of nanoparticles: Their advantages and disadvantages". AIP Conference Proceedings. 1724 (1): 020048. Bibcode:2016AIPC.1724b0048P. doi:10.1063/1.4945168. ISSN 0094-243X.
- ↑ Bhattacharya, Debaditya; Gupta, Rajinder K. (2005-01-01). "Nanotechnology and Potential of Microorganisms". Critical Reviews in Biotechnology. 25 (4): 199–204. doi:10.1080/07388550500361994. ISSN 0738-8551. PMID 16419617. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Paull, Robert; Wolfe, Josh; Hébert, Peter; Sinkula, Michael (October 2003). "Investing in nanotechnology". Nature Biotechnology. 21 (10): 1144–1147. doi:10.1038/nbt1003-1144. ISSN 1546-1696. PMID 14520393. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ 7.0 7.1 Jamkhande, Prasad Govindrao; Ghule, Namrata W.; Bamer, Abdul Haque; Kalaskar, Mohan G. (2019-10-01). "Metal nanoparticles synthesis: An overview on methods of preparation, advantages and disadvantages, and applications". Journal of Drug Delivery Science and Technology. 53: 101174. doi:10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101174. ISSN 1773-2247. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Bandeira, Marina; Giovanela, Marcelo; Roesch-Ely, Mariana; Devine, Declan M.; da Silva Crespo, Janaina (2020-03-01). "Green synthesis of zinc oxide nanoparticles: A review of the synthesis methodology and mechanism of formation". Sustainable Chemistry and Pharmacy. 15: 100223. doi:10.1016/j.scp.2020.100223. ISSN 2352-5541. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Li, Li; Hu, Qing; Zeng, Jinghai; Qi, Hongyan; Zhuang, Guoqiang (2011-01-01). "Resistance and biosorption mechanism of silver ions by Bacillus cereus biomass". Journal of Environmental Sciences. 23 (1): 108–111. doi:10.1016/S1001-0742(10)60380-4. ISSN 1001-0742. PMID 21476348.
- ↑ Singh, Simranjeet; Kumar, Vijay; Romero, Romina; Sharma, Kankan; Singh, Joginder (2019), Prasad, Ram; Kumar, Vivek; Kumar, Manoj; Choudhary, Devendra, eds., "Applications of Nanoparticles in Wastewater Treatment", Nanobiotechnology in Bioformulations, Cham: Springer International Publishing, pp. 395–418, doi:10.1007/978-3-030-17061-5_17, ISBN 978-3-030-17061-5, retrieved 2022-03-30 Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Gupta, Rashmi; Padmanabhan, Padmini (2021-01-06). "Biogenic Synthesis and Characterization of Gold Nanoparticles by a Novel Marine Bacteria Marinobacter Algicola: Progression from Nanospheres to Various Geometrical Shapes". Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Food Sciences. 2021 (vol. 10): 732–737. doi:10.15414/jmbfs.2018.8.1.732-737. ISSN 1338-5178. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Kalimuthu, Kalishwaralal; Suresh Babu, Ramkumarpandian; Venkataraman, Deepak; Bilal, Mohd.; Gurunathan, Sangiliyandi (2008-08-01). "Biosynthesis of silver nanocrystals by Bacillus licheniformis". Colloids and Surfaces B: Biointerfaces. 65 (1): 150–153. doi:10.1016/j.colsurfb.2008.02.018. ISSN 0927-7765. PMID 18406112.
- ↑ Balachandran, Yekkuni L.; Girija, Shanmugam; Selvakumar, Rajendran; Tongpim, Saowanit; Gutleb, Arno C.; Suriyanarayanan, Sarvajeyakesavalu (2013-10-09). "Differently Environment Stable Bio-Silver Nanoparticles: Study on Their Optical Enhancing and Antibacterial Properties". PLOS ONE. 8 (10): e77043. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...877043B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0077043. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3793943. PMID 24130832.
- ↑ Selvakannan, Pr; Ramanathan, Rajesh; Plowman, Blake J.; Sabri, Ylias M.; Daima, Hemant K.; O'Mullane, Anthony P.; Bansal, Vipul; Bhargava, Suresh K. (2013-07-17). "Probing the effect of charge transfer enhancement in off resonance mode SERS via conjugation of the probe dye between silver nanoparticles and metal substrates". Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics. 15 (31): 12920–12929. Bibcode:2013PCCP...1512920S. doi:10.1039/C3CP51646F. ISSN 1463-9084. PMID 23812309.
- ↑ Ali, Jafar; Ali, Naeem; Wang, Lei; Waseem, Hassan; Pan, Gang (2019-04-01). "Revisiting the mechanistic pathways for bacterial mediated synthesis of noble metal nanoparticles". Journal of Microbiological Methods. 159: 18–25. doi:10.1016/j.mimet.2019.02.010. ISSN 0167-7012. PMID 30797020. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Gadd, Geoffrey M.; Laurence, Oliver S.; Briscoe, Paul A.; Trevors, Jack T. (1989-09-01). "Silver accumulation inPseudomonas stutzeri AG259". Biology of Metals. 2 (3): 168–173. doi:10.1007/BF01142556. ISSN 1572-8773. PMID 2490072. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Ahmed, Elaf; Kalathil, Shafeer; Shi, Le; Alharbi, Ohoud; Wang, Peng (2018-12-01). "Synthesis of ultra-small platinum, palladium and gold nanoparticles by Shewanella loihica PV-4 electrochemically active biofilms and their enhanced catalytic activities". Journal of Saudi Chemical Society. 22 (8): 919–929. doi:10.1016/j.jscs.2018.02.002. ISSN 1319-6103. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Prema, P.; Iniya, P. A.; Immanuel, G. (2016-01-07). "Microbial mediated synthesis, characterization, antibacterial and synergistic effect of gold nanoparticles using Klebsiella pneumoniae (MTCC-4030)". RSC Advances. 6 (6): 4601–4607. Bibcode:2016RSCAd...6.4601P. doi:10.1039/C5RA23982F. ISSN 2046-2069.
- ↑ Bing, Wei; Sun, Hanjun; Wang, Faming; Song, Yanqiu; Ren, Jinsong (2018-07-18). "Hydrogen-producing hyperthermophilic bacteria synthesized size-controllable fine gold nanoparticles with excellence for eradicating biofilm and antibacterial applications". Journal of Materials Chemistry B. 6 (28): 4602–4609. doi:10.1039/C8TB00549D. ISSN 2050-7518. PMID 32254404 Check
|pmid=value (help). - ↑ Javaid, Aqib; Oloketuyi, Sandra Folarin; Khan, Mohammad Mansoob; Khan, Fazlurrahman (2018-03-01). "Diversity of Bacterial Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles". BioNanoScience. 8 (1): 43–59. doi:10.1007/s12668-017-0496-x. ISSN 2191-1649. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Varshney, Ratnika; Bhadauria, Seema; Gaur, M. S.; Pasricha, Renu (2010-12-01). "Characterization of copper nanoparticles synthesized by a novel microbiological method". JOM. 62 (12): 102–104. Bibcode:2010JOM....62l.102V. doi:10.1007/s11837-010-0171-y. ISSN 1543-1851. Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Das, Mousumi; Chatterjee, Saptarshi (2019-01-01), Shukla, Ashutosh Kumar; Iravani, Siavash, eds., "Chapter 11 - Green synthesis of metal/metal oxide nanoparticles toward biomedical applications: Boon or bane", Green Synthesis, Characterization and Applications of Nanoparticles, Micro and Nano Technologies, Elsevier, pp. 265–301, doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-102579-6.00011-3, ISBN 978-0-08-102579-6, retrieved 2022-03-30 Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Sanjay, Sharda Sundaram (2019-01-01), Shukla, Ashutosh Kumar; Iravani, Siavash, eds., "Chapter 2 - Safe nano is green nano", Green Synthesis, Characterization and Applications of Nanoparticles, Micro and Nano Technologies, Elsevier, pp. 27–36, doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-102579-6.00002-2, ISBN 978-0-08-102579-6, retrieved 2022-03-30 Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ Goutam, Surya Pratap; Saxena, Gaurav; Roy, Diptarka; Yadav, Anil Kumar; Bharagava, Ram Naresh (2020), Saxena, Gaurav; Bharagava, Ram Naresh, eds., "Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles and Their Applications in Water and Wastewater Treatment", Bioremediation of Industrial Waste for Environmental Safety: Volume I: Industrial Waste and Its Management, Singapore: Springer, pp. 349–379, doi:10.1007/978-981-13-1891-7_16, ISBN 978-981-13-1891-7, retrieved 2022-03-30 Unknown parameter
|s2cid=ignored (help) - ↑ "Advantages and Disadvantages of Nanotechnology". Retrieved 2022-03-31.
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